(Prirodnye Resursy. Природные ресурсы)
Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
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NATURAL RESOURCES (Prirodnye Resursy. Природные ресурсы) Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus |
Summary: Three common salt deposits have been explored in Belarus: Davydovski, Starobinski, Mozyrski. Besides, a number of areas have been distinguished which are highly promising for salt extraction by dissolution through the wells from the surface, they are: Shestovichski, Skrygalovski, South-Kopatkevichski, Komarovichski, Oktyabrski, Omelkovshtchinski and other. The paper gives the analysis of the current state of common salt resources in Belarus and presents data on balance reserves, quality of raw materials, on deposits mining and geological conditions. Much attention is given to the analysis of the areas promising for geological exploration, most of them being in better mining and geological condition then currently operated Mozyr deposit. Some measures are proposed which could help completely meet country's demand for common salt and provide large scale exportation.
Резюме: Дан анализ современного состояния запасов, добычи и производства поваренной соли в Республике Беларусь, рассмотрены основные проблемы и намечены дальнейшие направления работ, выполнение которых позволит в обозримой перспективе полностью удовлетворить потребности населения и экономики в поваренной соли и организовать крупномасштабный экспорт продукции соледобывающих предприятий.
Lis A.V., Terentyev A.A.
A prognosis of fuel peat mining scopes to the year 2015 and selection of technologies for its use as communal everyday fuel. pp. 10--17
Summary: The assessment of peat reserves for communal everyday fuel (CEF) production was carried out. Peat reserves of Belarus are reaching 600--700 mln tons, which can be used for the briquettes and sod peat production. The reserves provision is assessed for the next 30...40 years. It is predicted, that volume of briquettes production will remain at a level of 1,600,000 tons up to 2005--2010. In future it will be decreasing and by 2015 will comprise 800,000 tons, that will be conditioned by the cutout of reserves on large raw material bases. But, even after taking into account removed areas, existing reserves allow to arrange large-scale sod peat production with potential volume of 600--600,000 tons. At present there are technologies and technological means which allow to arrange fuel production as at the Beltopgaz Concern bases and in the working areas of the Selkhozkhimiya Association. Besides, for the technologies mentioned hereinbefore smaller deposits are suitable, where mining of milled peat is not economically and technically expedient. The paper presents a sod peat mining technology both at peat deposit directly and at dry valley with the peat excavation to complete depth of deposit thus raising the extraction coefficient to 0.75--0.8 against one equal to 0.5 of existing technologies. Economical assessment of local CEF of peat-based types reveals the heat unit price being by 2.5 times lower compared to that of imported coal.
Резюме: В статье оценены запасы торфа, пригодного для производства коммунально-бытового топлива, анализируется состояние промышленности по производству брикетов на будущее, описываются технологии производства кускового торфа и композиционного топлива, дается экономическая оценка использования местных видов топлива в сравнении с привозными углями.
Gavrilchik A.P., Smelovsky V.E., Lis A.V.
Geomorphological features of the peat deposits formation and development in Grodno region, Belarus. pp. 18--24
Summary: Geomorphology of the Grodno region territory contributed to the development of peat deposit formations, which, with a small exception, are of eutrophic character. The region's peat fund comprises 442 peat deposits, of which 324 (73%) are damaged. The peat deposits areas amount from ten to several thousands hectares. But mainly they are small peat deposits. Thus, of 324 peat deposits, where drainage and peat mining occurred, 127 do not exceed the area of 100 ha. Over 60% of peat fund of the region are presented by peat deposits of flood-plain or flood-plain-terrace-to stratification. Due to drainage and industrial development of peat reserves for the past 50 years unfavorable, from the ecological point of view, conditions have formed both at peat deposits themselves and the adjacent mineral lands on the territory of Lida plain. General lowering of the ground water level is observed, providing troubles with water supply, resulting in shallowing, and in some cases, in complete evanescence of small rivers. Along with that, much peat is left unextracted. To prevent mentioned negative results of the technogenic load upon peat deposits, it is considered necessary to create a new peat mining technology to be applied at a final stage providing a more complete peat extraction and improvement of the cutout areas.
Резюме: В статье приведены данные о торфяных месторождениях Гродненской области, развитие которых протекало по-разному в зависимости от геоморфологических условий. Даны рекомендации по предотвращению негативных последствий техногенной нагрузки на торфяные объекты.
Summary: The peatlands are very essential elements in environment and they play a very imported function in hydrology of small river basins. Natural peatlands located in river valleys cause that water flows slower ("high coefficient of roughness) m compare to mineral valleys. It is the reason that the flood flow is lower and the summer flow is higher in basins with big area of peatlands. There are more that 3 mln hectares of peatlands in Poland. Most of them are used as meadows and postures by agriculture. Almost 2 mln hectares of this soils has been drained for agricultural purpose, but only 0.5 mln hectares are irrigated. The drained peatlands especially without irrigation system has unfavourable effect on nature and water resources. The study has showed that it is possible to decrease this unfavourable effect using proper water management on irrigation drainage systems. It is necessary to equip all drained peatlands with hydraulic structures which allow to regulate the water outflow from the systems. The regulation of water outflow from the ditches especially in the early spring prevents lowering of the groundwater level during the growing season and this altects wafer resources in the basin. This should result in a significant improvement of the structure of water balance and should reduce the shortage of water.
Резюме: В статье представлена попытка обобщения знаний относительно роли торфяников в формировании гидрологических условий в бассейнах малых рек, а также уточнения влияния антропогенных преобразований торфяной залежи на водный баланс и водные ресурсы. Представленная проблема излагается на примере двух типов торфяников, наиболее распространённых в Польше: торфяников, снабжаемых поверхностными водами (флювиогенных) и подземными водами (солигенных). В обоих случаях дополнительным источником воды являются атмосферные осадки.
Pluzhnikov V.N., Grinevich A.G., Lukoshko M.R.
Problems of transboundary river pollution transport of Belarus. pp. 32--36
Summary: The problems of the transboundary river pollution transport are essential for Belarus, as all our main rivers are transboundary. The assessment of the transport process has been carried out on the basis of hydrochemical and hydrometrical station measurements during the last ten years on the following indicators: biological oxygen consumption (BOC5), oil products, phosphorus and hydrogen ammonium. This calculation made it possible to assess the impact of the Belarusian territory on the transboundary river pollution (in absolute and relative units), multiannual process dynamics and specific characteristics of every river basin. The gained results will enable to give concrete expression to water protection activities and to increase the efficiency of interstate nature protection programs.
Резюме: В статье рассматривается роль территории Беларуси в формировании гидрохимического стока транзитными речными системами: бассейны рек Днепр, Припять, Западная Двина, Западный Буг, Нёман и Вилия. Представлены результаты исследований по основным загрязняющим показателям речных вод (БПК5), нефтепродукты, фосфор и азот аммонийный за последние 10 лет.
Summary: The paper presents the spatio-temporal data and cause-effect relations of large-scale fir-woods dry up in Belarus during the period of 1992--1998. About 70 thousands hectares, or 10% of Norway spruce forests of Belarus undergo mass drying. As a result of sanitary felling 2,569,462 cubic meters of wood have been cut. The present situation, dynamics of Belarusian fir-woods resources for the last three decades and stochastic forecast of a new period of mass fir-woods dry up in 2002--2005 are shown. Cadastre registration, drawing a map of fir-grove plots, which are mostly subjected to periodical dry up and their gradual reconstruction to deciduous forests with the participation of fir-tree in forest composition is recommended.
Резюме: В статье дается подробный анализ современного состояния еловых насаждений Республики Беларусь, показаны причины массового ослабления и усыхания ели.
Rupasova Zh.A., Kukhareva L.V., Ignatenko V.A., Matyushevskaya E.N., Rudakovskaya R.N., Kuzmenkova S.M.
Formation of a pigment fund and mineral composition of Bergenia Crassifolia (L) Fritsch when introduced in Belarus. pp. 45--51
Summary: Accumulation parameters have been determined and so have been the main tendencies in seasonal dynamics of "a" and "b" chlorophylls, b-carotin, xanthophylls, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur and a sum of macroelements in structural components of phytomass in plants of Bergenia crassifolia depending on meteorological conditions during vegetation period while introducing in soil and climatic conditions of Belarus. It has been shown that overground parts of this plant play the leading role in accumulation of plastid pigments, including the most valuable, from the pharmacological point of view, their component -- b-carotin, as well as macroelements, which indicates the prospect of using of the plant's overground parts as well as roofs in official. Evident influence of weather conditions during vegetation period has been stated not only on the accumulation parameters of mentioned components of the chemical composition of some organs of Bergenia crassifolia but also on seasonal dynamics of pigments of chloroplasts, calcium and sulphur. At the same time, they have no significant impact on the character of seasonal accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium.
Резюме: Впервые показана степень влияния погодных факторов на уровень накопления и характер сезонной динамики хлорофиллов, каротиноидов, азота, фосфора, калия, кальция, магния, серы и суммы макроэлементов в отдельных органах бадана толстолистного при интродукции в почвенно-климатических условиях Беларуси.
Baginsky V.F., Kozhevnikov A.M., Kolody P.V., Yesimchik L.D.
Intermediate usage of forests in Belarus and its prospects. pp. 52--63
Summary: Intermediate cuttings have been regarded as one of the main factors in the process of intensification of forestry in recent fifty years. Improvement of a stand quality is a direct consequence of these cuttings. However, the species composition and stock age structure of our stands has to be improved yet. Improvement felling is regulated by special instructions. Instructions which are now actual in Belarus were copied from those existing in North European countries. But these are imperfect and therefore should be reviewed. The volume of felling in Belarus has more than doubled during the recent thirty years. This growth was achieved mainly by improvement felling (2.5 times) and severance felling (2.9 times), while the volume of improvement felling in young stands has decreased by 30%, which is unacceptable. The severance felling volume (combined with ecological felling volume) is now 215 thousand hectares and 3.6 million m3 of timber. But there are stands which need severance felling badly and it is not being carried out. Aprediction of intermediate cuttings has been made for 25 years. According to the data obtained the intermediate usage of forest will increase by 60%. The volume will be increased mainly at the cost of severance felling. Other kinds of felling have also been analyzed. Their volumes reach 0.8 to 1.1 million m3. The classification of other cuttings being imperfect, it has been suggested that this should be improved. Furthermore, reconstruction, reforming and renewal cuttings are also analyzed in the current paper.
Резюме: Анализируется состояние лесного фонда и динамика промежуточного пользования древесиной. Показаны перспективы развития промежуточного пользования в разрезе видов рубок на период до 2015 года.
Jakovlev A.P.
Peculiarities of the mineral composition of the cranberry leaves (Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers.) during fluctuation of agrochemical background in conditions of the north of Belarus. pp. 64--69
Summary: For the first time the size of accumulation and basic regularities of the seasonal and age dynamics of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the assimilative organs of cranberry in the four-year cycle of its development in conditions of the North of Belarus. A relation between the elements content to a level of mineral feeding has been established. It is shown that the highest mineral content is registered after introduction of nitro-phosphorus and nitro-potash fertilizers. After steady age alterations of the mean nitrogen content in cranberry leaves during the vegetative period it was shown that the level of nitrogen increased in the fourth year of life of a plant. Vivid stabilization of the nitrogen level was noted its in the third year in the case of combined introduction of fertilizers and its decrease in case of separate use of fertilizers. Mean seasonal level of phosphorus in the leaves of cranberry was stabile and decreased in the fourth year, the level of potassium increased in the second year and decreased in the following years. Decrease of influence of the agrochemical conditions on the level of accumulation of the three elements in the leaves progressed with plants aging that testifies to stabilization of mineral metabolism in mature plants. It was found out that conditions of mineral feeding have no essential influence on the seasonal dynamics of the mineral content of cranberry leaves, which was similar in all cases.
Резюме: Впервые установлены размеры накопления и основные закономерности в сезонной и возрастной динамике азота, фосфора и калия в ассимилирующих органах клюквы крупноплодной в 4-летнем цикле развития при интродукции в условиях севера Беларуси.
Summary: The investigation in the interaction of the microorganisms with metals in ionic and colloid states has allowed to find and study a number of new colloid-chemical processes and mechanisms. Among them are: the ability of microbial cells to selective heterocoagulation with colloid metal particles (their compounds); high selective sorption activity (especially of cells) as to some metals; the ability of microorganisms to carry out the reactions transferring metals from a soluble (ionic) state into insoluble (mineralized) one and vice versa leaching the metals from minerals; effective intensification of the above mentioned phenomena while influencing a biocolloid system by electric field. These phenomena have served as a basis for the development of the biotechnological processes in the enrichment of the precious metals and in ecology including the remediation of soils containing heavy metals and radionuclides as well as during the decontamination of the industrial sewage and mineral dispersions in the metallurgical and concentrating processes. They include: bioflotation -- the process of extraction of fine gold particles (or other minerals) from ores and metals (their compounds) from soils using the metallophilic microorganism strains as the highly selective flotoagents; biodestruction of cyanides and their metallocomplexes using an electric field that permits to intensify the process by one or two orders, bioremediation of soils by transforming metals in the biologically inaccessible state by microorganisms; biomedical monitoring. It is shown that cell metabolic processes as well as double electric layer and cell transmembrane potential play a substantial role in the run of these reaction; cell's structural elements participate in chemical reactions.
Резюме: Исследование взаимодействия микроорганизмов с металлами в ионном и коллоидном состояниях позволили обнаружить и изучить ряд новых процессов и механизмов. Среди них: 1) способность микробных клеток к селективной гетерокоагуляции с коллоидными частицами металлов (их соединений); 2) высокая избирательная сорбционная активность по отношению к некоторым металлам; 3) способность микроорганизмов осуществлять реакции с переводом металлов из растворимого состояния в нерастворимое (минерализованное); 4) эффективная интенсификация указанных явлений при воздействии на биоколлоидную систему электрического поля. Эти явления рассмотрены в приложении к задачам обогащения драгоценных металлов и охраны природы.
Tsyganov A.R., Vildflush I.R., Poddubnya O.V., Kal M.N.
Methods of decreasing of heavy metals mobility in soil and accumulation of these elements in plant products. pp. 81--85
Summary: High doses of heavy metal salts depressed the plants greatly at an early stage of vegetation on sward-podzolic light loams. After application of high doses of heavy metal salts spring wheat yields were reduced more as compared with that of annual grasses. Maximum doses of copper sulfate reduced the spring wheat yield by 26% on average in 1996--1997 as compared with the control; of zinc sulfate -- by 14%, of lead acetate -- by 21%. Liming, application of biohumus and manure reduced the negative influence of increased content of mobile heavy metal forms on spring wheat yields. Zinc was accumulated more intensively in spring wheat grains and green mass of pea-oat mixture when the content of heavy metals in soil increased. Copper and lead accumulation in spring wheat grains was within the limits of permissible concentration, eves in cases when tile content of mobile forms of these elements in soil exceeded the limit of permissible concentration by 6 times. Liming, application of biohumus and manure reduced the accumulation of zinc and lead in spring wheat grains, but unlike copper it didn't provide zinc and lead content below maximum permissible concentration on heavily contaminated soils.
Резюме: В статье изложены результаты работ по снижению подвижности тяжелых металлов в почве и накоплению их в продукции растениеводства на дерново-подзолистых легкосуглинистых почвах.
Hodyankova S.F., Kukresh S.P., Anfimova Z.D.
A resource-saving technology of microelements application for growing long-stalked flax on weak-acid soils and near to neutral sward-podzolic soils of the north-east of Belarus. pp. 86--92
Summary: Microfertilizers play an important role in forming high yields of flax and high quality of flax production. They are especially good for long-stalked flax cultivation with the use of intensive technologies, as well as for over-limed soils with low mobility and accessibility of the majority of microelements, which leads to massive affection of flax by calcium chlorosis. The article generalizes the results of research conducted in 1986--1997, dealing with rational use of microfertilizers in growing of long-stalked flax on the sward-podzolic loamy soils of the Mogilev oblast with different degrees of acidity. It has been established that microelements application methods and doses depend on the content of microelements in soil and the degree of its acidity. It is recommended to apply microfertilizers with macroelements on soils poor in microelements before sowing; apply microfertilizers with additional fertilizers by incrustation or in the earliest period on soils with the average content of microelements; they are not applied on soils with a high content of microelements. The microelements application, based on scientific methods secure obtaining of high yields and high quality of flax, irrespective of meteorological conditions of the region.
Резюме: Установлено, что ленточное внесение туков является существенным элементом энергосберегающих систем удобрения. Внедрение его в сельскохозяйственное производство позволит снизить потребность в удобрениях и повысить выход энергии по сравнению с разбросным способом.
Summary: This work states the basic principles of creating of a technobiogeomodel as a basis for solving the problems of the peat mire technobiogeosystem control on the basis of its structural, morphodynamic and mechanical properties. A peat mire ecosystem control scheme has been presented. Major problems of creating a technobiogeomodel of the peat mire ecosystems have been defined and basic parameters of the proposed biogeodynamic model established.
Резюме: В данной работе сформулированы основные принципы создания технобиогеомодели как основы решения проблем управления торфяно-болотной технобиогеосистемой. Определены основные проблемы при создании технобиогеомодели торфяно-болотных экосистем и установлены основные параметры предлагаемой биогеодинамической модели.
Kravchuck L.A., Kakareka S.V.
Lichen indication of air pollution of Mogilev city. pp. 98--103
Summary: The results of investigation of epyphytic lichens conducted for the first time on the territory of Mogylev with the purpose of air pollution indication are listed. The main objective of this investigation was to reveal spatial structure of epyphytic lichens and to analyze possibilities of its interpretation with the application of data of different methods of air pollution assessment. The relation of the structure of a lichen cover with the concentration of the main (SO2, NO2, CO, dust) and specific (H2S, CS2 phenol, benzopyrene) pollutants has been estimated. It has been found out that relatively non-contrasting spatial structure of epyphytic lichens mainly reflects a level of air contamination by sulphur dioxide. Its characteristics are stipulated by a dispersed distribution of enterprises -- sulphur dioxide emitters on the territory of Mogylev. The peculiarities of air contamination by specific pollutants have not been revealed because of insufficient spatial density of sampling points.
Резюме: Приведены результаты лихеноиндикационного обследования г. Могилева. Оценена связь лихеноиндикационных показателей с концентрациями основных (диоксида серы, диоксида азота, пыли, оксида углерода) и ряда специфических (сероводорода, сероуглерода, фенола, бенз(а)пирена) загрязнителей в воздушной среде города. Установлено, что распределение значений индекса полеотолерантности отражает уровень загрязнения воздуха, в первую очередь, диоксидом серы; мозаичность и малоконтрастность распределения значений данного индекса обусловлена относительно равномерным размещением источников выбросов диоксида серы по территории города.
Savchenko V.V., Vadkovskaya I.K., Golovatyi S.E.
Metal uptake by pasture vegetation in the contaminated floodplain of the Svisloch river, Belarus. pp.104--108
Summary: The 140 km section of the Svisloch river located in the central part of Belarus is severely polluted by Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Sn, Pb, Mo, Cd, Ba caused by sewage discharge from the Minsk city. The river is yearly flooding and so the floodplain is polluted too. The association of contaminants in bottom sediments, alluvial soils and pasture vegetation is identical, but differs in the contrast of anomaly and decay pattern. By examining 1) the element distribution in pasture herbage, 2) the enrichment factors with a respect to background and 3) plant/soil ratios it is possible to divide elements into two different groups: essential (biophile) metals -- Cu, Zn, Mo, V; and non-essential -- Ni, Cr, Pb, Sn. The concentration level of non-essential elements in biota is much higher, although similar anomaly contrasts of essential and nonessential metals are observed in alluvial soils. The application of several coefficients for estimating the degree of contamination is demonstrated. The correlation between the metal concentrations in cow excrement and other parts of the floodplain environment have been revealed.
Резюме: Показано, что аномалии в разнотравье в целом повторяют зональность, установленную для пойменных почв. По характеру накопления в растениях выделены 2 группы металлов-загрязнителей (истинные биофилы -- цинк, медь, молибден и небиофилы -- хром, никель, свинец, серебро). Выявлены различия в микроэлементном составе экскрементов коров, выпасающихся в разных по степени загрязнения почв и растений участках поймы Свислочи.
Lysucko N.A., Eroshina D.M., Zalygina I.A.
Influence of objects with waste on the geological environment in Polotsk region. pp. 109--122
Summary: The contamination of soils and ground wafers on the territory of 11sites with big repositories of industrial and domestic waste have been investigated. The objects of observation (complex of sites with industrial waste repositories "Zue", accumulater of wastes of Novopolotsk TEC and sites with repositories of solid domestic waste) are located in Polotsk district of Vitebsk region. An intensive pollution of ground waters was noted on the territory of these sites, that points to imperfection of the nature protection constructions. In the vicinity of waste location the levels of soil contamination by zinc and lead higher then maximum concentration limits were observed.
Резюме: В статье дается характеристика объектов по размещению отходов производства и потребления в Полоцком районе, по результатам опробования грунтовых вод и почв оценивается влияние объектов на геологическую среду.
Sachek G.S.
Actvities of the organs of internal affairs on protecting fish reserves of the Republic of Belarus. pp. 123--125
Summary: Some questions concerning activities of the organs of Internal Affairs on protecting fish reserves of Belarus are stated in the article as well as cooperation with other subjects of nature protection. On the grounds of data analysis a conclusion have been drawn, that certain work is being done by the organs of Internal Affairs on protecting fish reserves, though, there are some drawbacks caused by lack of proper cooperation between subjects of nature protection.
Резюме: В данной статье проанализирована деятельность органов внутренних дел по охране рыбных запасов Республики Беларусь, а также вопросы взаимоотношений с другими природоохранными органами.
Linkevich N.N., Vasilevskaya Zh.K., Papko N.A.
Assessment of contamination of soil and agricultural products in a zone of influence of heat-power engineering. pp. 126--131
Summary: High level of atmospheric emission of sulphur, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and heavy metals makes it necessary to examine the condition of natural objects, located in the zone of influence of heat-power engineering. According to that, sampling and analysis of soil and plants at the distance to 9 km from the Minsk fossil-burning power plant-4 and fossil-burning power plant-5 was held to define nitrate, heavy metals (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium) concentration, humidity and acidity in spring, summer and autumn in 1992 and summer in 1993 with allowance for prevalent winds. The research defined the possibility of getting ecologically clean vegetation product. The nitrate and heavy metals concentration does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration. The only exception was the cucumbers in which the copper concentration slightly exceeded the MPC and was equal to 5,9 mg/kg, and the nitrate concentration -- 231 mg/kg (MPC -- 150 mg/kg). Further research will enable to retrace the change of these indicators. The maximum levels of zinc, copper and cadmium soil contamination were defined at the distance of 3.6--5.0 km from the fossil-burning power plant-4, which probably resulted from its impact. This zone shows higher copper (to 1.1 mg/kg) and zinc (to 8.6 mg/kg) concentration, and the pH value exceeds 7. The maximum nitrate and heavy metals concentration was established in summer, probably, due to lack of precipitation in this period of the year. Spatial distribution of contaminating substances in soils depends not only on the distance from the source of pollution, but is to a great extent determined by their location in the landscape system and the type of agricultural exploitation.
Резюме: Приведена оценка антропогенного воздействия на почвы и сельхозпродукцию, выращиваемую вблизи объектов теплоэнергетики. Установлено, что вблизи теплоэнергообъектов возможно получение экологически чистой растениеводческой продукции.
R.Ya. Aisberg
Radzim Gaurylavich Garetsky (To the 70th Anniversary of his Birthday) pp.137--140
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