(Prirodnye Resursy. Природные ресурсы)
Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
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NATURAL RESOURCES (Prirodnye Resursy. Природные ресурсы)
Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus |
Summary: The Baranovichy localily of the Brest region is characterized with the high rate of the land-use and arable agricultural lands, and there are both a power industrial potential and the developed net of highways which caused a vast range of anthropogenic effects to natural systems, first of all, to lands -- erosion and technological deterioration of lands, hardening and chemical contamination, recurring swamping etc. With a great anthropogenic pressing the soil and land recourses simultaneously are the main treasure of this locality and they mostly determinate the social condition of the people, the purity of the atmosphere, surface and underground waters, the quality of the agricultural production. The performing of the work published here has shown the acute necessity of the elaboration of Complex Environment Protection Schemes for each locality of our Republic for helping to elucidate the agroecological situation established nowadays and to make compatible with ecology all of technological productions in the sphere of economic activities.
Резюме: В статье показана настоятельная необходимость разработки по каждому району нашей страны территориальных комплексных схем охраны окружающей среды с тем, чтобы технологические процессы в сельскохозяйственном производстве сделать более экологически совместимыми (в частности, внедрять ландшафтно-контурное земледелие).
Summary: Genetic classification of peat peloids has been suggested, which for the first time takes into account chemical composition of organic matter. According to this index peat peloids were divided into two groups: lipid-humic and humic. The developed classification allows to extend substantially the raw material basis of peat peloids at the expense of peat with the degree of decomposition 30 % and more. Criteria for division of peatlands as the peat peloids raw material basis are suggested. They are based on the principles of accordance of peat raw material to medical aims, condition of peatland deposition, reserves sufficiency for the hospital functioning, consideration of ecological situation in the peatland and wafer catchment zone including sanitary conditions and radioactive situation. As a result 113 Belarusian peatlands have been defined as prospective as raw material bases of peat peloids. A scheme of their location in the republic, data on peatlands containing peat peloids, resources of lipid-humic and humic peloids in administrative districts, regions and in the country as a whole are given.
Резюме: Оценены запасы торфяного сырья в Беларуси. Выявлено 113 торфяных месторождений, перспективных в качестве сырьевых баз торфяных лечебных грязей. Общие прогнозные запасы лечебного торфа оцениваются в 73 237 тыс. м3, в том числе 47 645 тыс. м3 для получения гумусовых и 25 592 тыс. м3 -- липидно-гумусовых грязей.
Summary: Some approaches to a problem of energy production and its environmental impact which are closely linked are discussed in the article. Utilization of indigenous renewable and waste energy sources is particularly essential for ensuring a sustainable economic and social progress of the Republic of Belarus. Nowadays environmental considerations are also playing an increasing role in a process of decision-making and forming of a development policy. Water objects (rivers, lakes, underground waters and so on) have large resources of renewable lowpotential heat that and a secondary waste heat that are produced in different sectors of economy and could be used to preserve quality of the water. For that purpose an innovative technique is suggested. It is reasonable to utilize such lowpotential heat first of all in water economy and agriculture near a consumer without energy transmission.
Резюме: Показана необходимость развития энергетики на возобновляемых источниках энергии. Рассматриваются потенциал и возможность использования водных ресурсов в качестве возобновляемого источника низкопотенциального тепла, а также вторичной низкопотенциальной тепловой энергии воды и газов, отводимых предприятиями различных отраслей экономики. Приводятся сведения об инновационной технологии и средствах ее осуществления.
Summary: The article presents the results of comparative analysis of carbohydrates composition of Agastache rugosa (Fisch et Mey) at different stages of seasonal development in the years which differed in weather conditions during vegetation period. It is shown that temperature rise combined with medium rate of precipitation during the period of the most active plant metabolism favors activation of soluble sugars biosynthesis, especially glucose and pectin substances, but inhibits accumulation of starch and cellulose. At the same time, weather factor has no considerable impact on the character of seasonal dynamics of soluble sugars (in leaves and generative organs), starch, and also a ratio of fractions of pectin substances in leaves. If is noted that meteorological conditions considerably change the accumulation of sugars and pectin substances (in stems and generative organs). It has been found out that the character of weather conditions during vegetation period have a huge impact on the biological output of carbohydrates per square unit of plants of Agastache rugosa (Fisch ef Mey). When gathering this plant for medical purposes, it is necessary to take into account that maximum accumulation of pectin substances, which are the most valuable carbohydrates, is observed at the final stage of its florescence.
Резюме: Впервые показана степень влияния погодных факторов на уровень накопления и характер сезонной динамики углеводов в отдельных органах многоколосника морщинистого при интродукции в почвенно-климатических условиях Беларуси.
Kulesh V.F., Alekhnovich A.V., Prishchepov G.P.
River crayfish as a resource component of Belarusian fauna (a historic aspect, modern state and prospects). pp. 39--49
Summary: The article considers previous research, the peculiarities of river crayfish fishery in Belarus in the years 1940s to 70s and presents information on the results of investigation on crayfish distribution, carried out by the Institute of Zoology of NAS of Belarus in 1994--1996. At present Belarusian territory is inhabited by the noble crayfish, Astacus astacus, the narrow-clawed crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus, and the American striped crayfish, Orconectes limosus. A map on distribution of these species is presented, as are the quantitative characteristics of populations in the typical crayfish basins in different climatic regions of Belarus. Information about the average catch per unit effort is adduced for narrow-clawed crayfish and 13 prospective crayfish fishery basins are defined on this basis. Optimum terms and resource-saving instruments of fishery are also defined. Prospective measures directed to the increase of quantity, resource-saving and protection of these most valuable invertebrates of Belarusian fauna.
Резюме: В статье проанализировано состояние населения речных раков в водоемах Беларуси и определены перспективные мероприятия по увеличению их численности и получению промысловой продукции.
Summary: An extensive amount of publications on the topic and authors' experimental material are analyzed in the article. On the basis of the data presented if is shown that as neutralization of metal ion solution occurs in a wide range of pH a series of different complexes and particles may form in the solution. It is shown that each of the above complexes and particles possesses an individual set of physical and chemical properties. Some characteristics of the sorption behaviour of mononuclear and polynuclear hydroxocomplexes of metal ions in respect to cation exchange resin KU-2 and sylicagel and effect of foreign inactive electrolyte on the sorption process are revealed in this work. The possibility of separate extraction of metal ions with changing only pH parameter is shown.
Резюме: На основе литературных и полученных авторами экспериментальных данных определено, что по мере нейтрализации в широком интервале рН 1...10 в растворе образуется целая серия комплексов и частиц разнообразного состава. Показаны особенности сорбционного поведения моноядерных и полиядерных гидроксокомплексов по отношению к катиониту КУ-2 и силикагелю. Обоснована возможность раздельного выделения каждого иона металла из раствора путем изменения только одной величины -- рН раствора.
Shaidak L., Tsekhanovitch Yu.I., Matyushevska T., Krasnoberskaya O.G.
Ecologically sale use of organic fertilizers. pp. 56--64
Summary: Nowadays an important role is played by the ability of humus to affect the ecological problems during production of plant growing products. And this is connected first of all with the necessity of introduction of compromise cultivation. The compromise cultivation means a combination of alternative and intensive farming, in which through organic fertilizers, mainly, and organization of crop rotation the necessary nutrients, consumped by the yield of agricultural cultures, are compensated, which are usually provided by mineral fertilizers, a struggle with pests and diseases of agricultural plants is carried out without use of chemical substances, except for the periods connected with their mass distribution. Undoubtedly, the main element of ecology of cultivation consists in solution of the matter of a change of nitrogen by mineral fertilizers (faking info account its effect on the environment) by nitrogen of organic fertilizers and bean cultures. Beside this it's necessary to take into account considerable energy expenses, aimed at the production of mineral nitric fertilizers and ecological problems connected with this. Besides a change in some properties of soil, in particular, a nitrate regime and amino acid composition during use of genetically different organic fertilizers has an importance for understanding the essence of the processes flowing during a change of agrotechnogenic influence on the landscape. Nowadays it's impossible to waive completely the technical and chemical facilities for achieving the maximum possible productivity of agricultural production. However, based on the research carried out one can ascertain that there is a possibility of decreasing the chemical load of the landscape. During laying of a five-field crop rotation genetically different organic fertilizers were used: wood and reed peat; sedge and hypnum peat; organic sapropel; siliceous sapropel; mixed sapropel; manure; NPK. The following cultures were sowed: potato; barley; clover of two years use; winter rye. The planning of crop rotation on the basis of compromise cultivation was carried out in view of the nitrogen balance and taking into account the fact that the basic source of nitrogen for the plants in this case is bean cultures. A selection of other organic fertilizers (except for manure), in particular sapropel, is caused by its relative availability at the places of location of the former water basins, where an intensive accumulation of sapropel takes place. Comparing the results of interaction of sapropel with the fertilizers, traditional in agriculture (NPK, manure, peat) it should be noted that in the soil fertilized with sapropel, nitrification takes place more slowly, than in other options of the experiment. From the ecological point of view this has a great importance as it allows to limit an entry of nitrates to the plant products. In accordance with our investigations the content of nitrogen in the soil and the level of nitric nutrition depends not only on nitric, but also amino acid composition of soil medium, humus condition of soil, which finally affects the yield and its quality. When comparing the versions of organic fertilizers with NPK and 40 t/ha siliceous sapropel with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers it may be noted that the maximum productivity was achieved during combination of organic fertilizers with mineral ones besides the growth of humus. Thus, a change of mineral nitrogen by nitrogen of organic fertilizers and bean cultures in crop rotation in combination with NPK gives the highest effect. The balance of humus in crop rotation depended on the types and doses of organic fertilizers.
Резюме: Рассматривается экологобезопасное использование органических удобрений различного генезиса в условиях компромиссного земледелия. Обосновано использование азота органических удобрений и бобовых культур, показано воздействие азота на качество сельскохозяйственной продукции.
Yermak A.A., Babenko Ye.M., Tkachyov S.M., Bityukov N.N.
Some elements of technology of peat-oil composites production. pp. 65--68
Summary: Problems of the resource-saving technologies of peat-oil composites (РОС) production are discussed. The ways of peat preparation and РОС modification are substantiated. The РОС production using peat dried at 105 °C is shown impossible because of foam formation and avolume increase by 2--3 times as the temperature of its heating grows. This phenomenon is explained by the intensive emission of gases, which include water steam along with carbon oxide and dioxide. The elimination of foam formation in РОС production is possible by introducing 7--10% of calcium oxide which absorbs vapor and gas at the moment of their formation, or by the temperature increase of preliminary peat drying to 130 °C. The latter way is more preferable, as calcium oxide leads to an undesirable increase of water-soluble compounds content. The mechanism of components interaction in the process of РОС production is described.
Резюме: Отрабатывается ресурсосберегающая технология получения торфо-нефтяных композиций (ТНК). При этом установлены причины и предложен эффективный метод устранения образования пены, определен состав выделяющихся газов, а также изучено влияние температуры сушки торфа и добавки оксида кальция на вспенивание и свойства ТНК.
Summary: If is possible to characterize the process of nature management and environmental protection as an organizing and informational method, based on a complex of organization measures, methods and means of computer science. If is being realized by means of information technologies based on specific procedures, classified in the following blocks of management: 1. Policy and strategy of management, organization measures. 2. Legislative and normative methods of the nature management. 3. Planning measures and geoecological design (planned management). 4. Technological and economic methods of control and rational nature management and environmental protection. 5. Analysis and estimation of natural resources and natural economic potentials of the territories, examination and certification of enterprises. 6. Analysis and estimation of the ecological situation of the basic natural media with the use of methods of forecasting, imitation and modeling. 7. Informational maintenance of bodies of authority and nature management. 8. Methods and means of informational support of the rational decision-making under the control and nature management. The offered conceptual approaches to the process of nature management and environmental protection will be realized with the help of the developed Republican ecological and geographical information system "Nature Management".
Резюме: Предложены концептуальные подходы к сложной проблеме управления природопользовательской и природоохранной деятельностью в Республике Беларусь. Обрисованы конкретные организационные мероприятия, нормативно-законодательные положения, информационные методы и средства управления, основанные на современных информационных технологиях и реализуемые посредством эколого-географической информационной системы "Управление природопользованием".
Lishtvan I.I., Strigutskii L.V., Yezefasyuk G., Abramets A.M., Prokhorov S.G.
The media acidity impact upon the microstructure of soils of the Lublin highland. pp. 76--83
Summary: It has been shown that under the impact of acid media the destruction of organic-mineral complexes of humic substances which include calcium and iron occurs. The structure of aromatic core of the studied soil samples was stated to be of the same type and stability. While the soil acidity increases, the process of humic matters formation in its organic matter intensifies. Experimental data testify to the content of organic carbon not being a safe index of the soil humus. The research has been carried out within the frames of the International Belarusian and Polish Academies of Sciences project.
Резюме: Показано, что при воздействии кислой среды имеет место разрушение органо-минеральных комплексов гуминовых веществ с кальцием и железом. Установлена однотипность и стабильность структуры ароматического ядра органического вещества исследованных образцов почвы. С ростом кислотности почвы в ее органическом веществе усиливается процесс формирования гуминовых веществ. Экспериментальные данные свидетельствуют о том, что содержание органического углерода не является надежным показателем гумусного состояния почвы. Представленная работа выполнена белорусской и польской Академиями наук в рамках международного проекта.
Petukhova N.N., Anoshko Ya.I., Romanov S.L.
Landscape and geochemical map as a basis for efficient nature management. pp. 84--97
Summary: The paper deals with the main principles of landscape--geochemical mapping of the territory of Belarus (scale 1: 200 000). The map legend involves the parameters that describe the geochemical landscape, soil-forming rocks, soil type, special features of territory's hydrological regime, specific geobofanical character of landscape, aqueo-physical and chemical soil properties, conditions of geochemical migration of chemical elements and radionuclides, presence of geochemical barriers and the general trend of the material migration in landscape. Such a synthetical map showing the way and intensity of redistribution of chemical elements and radionuclides, as well as the natural purification capacity of the territory is based on a great body of both cartographic (geomorphological, soil, hydrological, landscape and other maps), and digital data available. As a result fine types of territories different in conditions of matter migration in the biosphere are distinguished.
Резюме: В статье приводится методика составления, легенда и фрагмент ландшафтно-геохимической карты (М 1:200 000) для территории Беларуси. Данная карта позволяет оперативно оценивать способности каждого отдельно взятого объекта к самоочищению в зависимости от характера использования, особенностей природной среды и первоначальных параметров загрязнения.
Kurzo B. V., Senkevich L.P.†, Gordobudskaya O.M., Ryazantseva V.D., Burak Yu.L.
Sediments composition of modern lakes as an indicator of natural and technogenic processes. pp. 98--108
Summary: Ulilization of sapropels as a part of natural resources began rather recently. In the process of sapropel deposits extraction, its top layer is removed first, composition of which reflects the technogenic pressure. These sediments (are the carriers of valuable information about modern and anthropogenic processes that take place in wafer bodies. The assessment of changes in modern lake bottom deposits stratigraphy is given in the paper and the scales of anthropogenic disturbances in reservoirs of various nutrient content are shown. On the basis of complex research methods the sedimentation tempos of the matter in lakes of various types are defined. In all the lakes studied the violations in modern sediments accumulation caused by technogenic influence were registered. The biological residues composition and geochemical indicators are shown, that help determine typological features of lacustrine sediments and reservoirs and set temporary boundaries, on the level of which anthropogenic changes and lakes transition into other stage of nutrient development are monitored.
Резюме: В статье рассматриваются вопросы изменений вещественного состава современных осадков озер разных типов под влиянием усиливающихся антропогенных процессов. Наиболее ощутимые нарушения выявлены в эвтрофных озерах. Применение комплексных методов исследования осадков позволило подробно описать современный этап развития озер, определить скорости осадконакопления, выявить тенденции в изменении уровенного режима и трофии вод. Современные осадки озер, испытывающих влияние животноводства и земледелия, не загрязнены тяжелыми металлами, но отмечаются нарушения закономерностей седиментации последних.
Biritskii M.I., Gridina T.V., Kovalenko Ye.P., Samoilenko O.N.
Estimation of land and water surface predisposition to pollution through atmosphere. pp. 109--113
Summary: Factors and some consequences of land surface and water resources pollution through atmosphere are considered in the article. At present atmospheric pollution is one of the major environmental problems. The problem has both national and international importance. In particular it does harm to land and water resources directly and/or indirectly. Land and water pollution through atmosphere depends on many factors. Different types of land surface and water resources have different predisposition to pollution through atmosphere. In order to prevent or decrease negative consequences of pollution it is necessary to obtain regional data concerning potential pollution through atmosphere. For this purpose special methods have been worked out and a sketch map of the potential area of pollution have been developed for Minsk district.
Резюме: По результатам исследований была разработана методика и составлена карта-схема потенциального аэрозольного загрязнения территории Минского района.
Kartashevich A.N., Belousov V.A., Sushnev A.A.
Soil contamination with heavy metals situated along autoroutes of the Republic of Belarus. pp. 114--120
Summary: Posistion of the Republic of Belarus in the geographical centre of Europe presupposes the use of its transport arteries for transit cargo and passenger transportation Special role is given to automobile transport capable with maximum efficiency to satisfy requirements of external trade partners in cargo transportation. Serving practically all kinds of international economic relations, autotransport is a very important source of additional currency in the republic being an exporter of transport produce on the international market. At the same time the use of transport autoroutes of Belarus for transit cargo transportation annual intensification of circulation on the roads results in the distortion of the ecological balance of the environment not only in the regions situated very closely to autoroutes but to the whole country. In order to evaluate the ecological load created by transit heavy duty trucks passing through Belarus on the highway Brest--Minsk--border of Russian Federation, monitoring research was made of the soils and adjusting autoroutes. Based on experimental and theoretical research the character of functional correlation between the value of specific content of mobile forms of heavy metals in the soil and its situation towards autoroute has been found out. Was determined factual contamination of soil with heavy metals in chosen control points and the average meaning of general level of contamination on strips 0--10 m and 10--100 m from the point of hard covering of the road which correspondingly equals: for copper -- 14.13 and 4.78 mg/kg; for zinc -- 26.88 and 10.83 mg/kg; for cadmium -- 0.16 and 0.099 mg/kg; for lead -- 5.62 and 2.43 mg/kg. Analysis have been made of soot samples, collected from diesel engines of various types and power and general average meaning of heavy metals content in chosen samples has been determined, which correspondingly equals: copper -- 42 mg/kg; zinc -- 802 mg/kg; lead -- 22,7 mg/kg; cadmium --0.57 mg/kg. Becides specific activity of caesium radio nuclides in samples of diesel soot has been determined.
Резюме: Проведены мониторинговые исследования земель, прилегающих к автомагистрали М1. Получена аналитическая зависимость между удельным содержанием подвижных форм тяжелых металлов в почве и ее удаленностью от автомагистрали. Показано, что основным источником загрязнения почвы является сажа, содержащаяся в отработавших газах дизельных двигателей.
Savchenko V.V., Golovatyi S.E., Samsonenko I.M.
Distribution of trace elements in floodplain soils of the Svisloch river, Belarus. pp. 121--127
Summary: The 155 km section of the Svisloch river located in the central part of Belarus is severely polluted by Cr, Ni, Сu, Zn, Ag, Sn, Pb, Mo, Cd, Ba due to Minsk city sewage. The river floods occur annually and so the floodplain is also polluted. The associations of pollutants in bottom sediments and alluvial topsoil are identical, but they differ in temporal and spatial variations of metal concentrations (contrast of anomaly, mode of metal occurrence and decay pattern). From 1990 to 1996 the bottom sediment anomaly decreased significantly (on average by 4-5 times) due to reduction of industrial production of Minsk, whereas the floodplain anomaly of Cr, Ni, Сu, Zn, Ag, Mo didn't change. The technogenic dispersion flow in bottom sediment of the Svisloch river shows an uniformly contrast anomaly slightly decreasing downstream Minsk. On the contrary, two zones of floodplain sediment anomaly are identified. The first 98 km section downstream Minsk is canalized and, as a result, is much less contaminated by metals (factor up to 10) than the following annually flooded 57 km section. Mobile metal compounds, estimated as 1 M HCl extraction, dominate in floodplain sediment anomaly. They contain 60% of the total Ni and Cr, and 70% of Си and Zn. Increase of the mobile metal compounds content in contaminated soils is greater (3 times on average) than the increase of total concentrations. As a result, sediment anomaly estimated in terms of mode of occurrence has higher contrast. Content of metal mobile compounds in bottom sediment and alluvial topsoil is a sensitive indicator of the degree of pollution.
Резюме: Рассматриваются особенности загрязнения тяжелыми металлами (валовые содержания и подвижные соединения) русловых илов и пойменных отложений р.Свислочи на 155-километровом участке ниже Минска.
Summary: The research was conducted in 1996--1997 on the territory of the "Lozovitsa" reserve (Klichev district, Mogilyov region), which is of great importance as a source of resources for peat and cranberry reserves, and had been subjected to radioactive contamination (up to 5 Qu/km2 by Cs -- 137) as a result of the Chemobyl NPP accident. Main plant association is Pinetum ledoso -- eriophorioso-sphagnosum. Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. and Sphagnum recurvum P. Beauv dominate in a moss cover. Of the 10 species of higher plants the most widespread are Eriophorum vaginatum L., Ledum paluster L., Chamaedaphne calyculata (L) Moench. and Oxycoccus palustris L., the projective cover of which comprises 12.1...62.8%. Plants of the wet soils dominate on a bog (90% of species and 97.2% of total projective cover). These are mainly plants of acid and strongly acid soils. Rather a dense stand of frees is favorable for the evolution of species of half-open semi-enlighted spaces (70/94%). Average cranberry reserves on the hogs of the reserve are ab. 5.7 t./ha. with the projective cover of the sort 19.9%. In the bog soils 103.7 samples/m2 of soil inverterbrates were found. Spiders (66,1%), beetles (19.0%) and bugs (8.3%) dominated there. Zoophages' prevalence is 96.7%. On the surface of sphagnum cover Coleoptera, Aranei, Formicidae were met in great quantities (13.2 ...40.6% of all invertebrates correspondingly). Zoophages comprise up to 80.9% of invertebrates in this layer, phytophages -- up to 21.5%. In grass -- bush layer Aranei (up to 28.5%), Hemiptera (up to 21.6%), Diptera (16.0%), Coleoptera (up to 47.7%) dominated. Phytophages comprise 56.8% here, zoophages -- ab. 43.4%. The work: carried out makes it possible to conclude that oligotrophic bogs of the Lozovitsa reserve are found to be on a late stage of succession. In order to sustain it on this stage for a longer period, the reserve regime here should be prolonged.
Резюме: На территории клюквенного заказника проведено комплексное изучение фитоценозов и сообществ беспозвоночных животных, оценен видовой состав растительности, дана экологическая характеристика комплексов беспозвоночных в почве, сфагновом покрове и травянисто-кустарничковом ярусе, оценены запасы клюквы.
Windows to World. Окно в мир pp. 140--141
Senkevich Larisa Pavlovna. p. 143
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