(Prirodnye Resursy)
Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
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NATURAL RESOURCES (Prirodnye Resursy) Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus |
Summary: The present report was submitted to the International Workshop for countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Minsk, January 1996) "Integrated management of water resources in Europe" with emphasis on the countries in transition, organized by UNEP. The report deals with the experience and peculiarities of water supply in different European countries in accordance with Agenda 21, including the problems of: sustainable development and water supply of countries; conditions and trends in surface and ground water resources change (qualitative and quantitative characteristics; the role of water resources in the economy of some countries, their possibility and conditions of water supply of the population, industry and agriculture at present and in the nearest future according to the requirements of the environment protection, ways of harmonizing ecological and economical problems, consequences of climate changes for water resources; some conclusions and recommendations; experience of international cooperation in the sphere of water resources, in particular, international rivers and reservoirs.
Резюме: В январе 1996 г. в Минске проходила работа международного семинара "Интегрированное управление водными ресурсами в Европе", на котором особое внимание уделялось странам с переходной экономикой. Переход к устойчивому развитию имеет как региональный и глобальный аспекты, так и национальные особенности, что подтверждается анализом ситуации в использовании водных ресурсов, сложившейся в странах Центральной и Восточной Европы. Наиболее характерными для них остаются проблемы загрязнения поверхностных и подземных вод, большие потери воды на пути от источника до потребителя. Анализ состояния и использования водных ресурсов в указанном регионе может быть полезным для конкретизации одного из важнейших аспектов национальной концепции устойчивого развития страны.
Summary: The purpose of work is to make an agroecological assessment of drained peaty soils state in administrational districts of Brest region and to show prospect aftermaths of peaty soils transformation under the influence of anthropological factors. It is stressed that these soils becam ecologically unfirm, begin to be destroed and disappear as a genetic type: they are being replaced by anthropologically transformed, less fertile soils which possess worse agrycultural characteristics. The quantitative decline of organic matter depending on soil exploitation character is calculated. In Brest region the average annual decrease of organic matter from 1 hectar of peaty soil exploitation was 4.8 tons in 1986--1995. This led to reduce of peat deposit layer on 10...20 gm with compacting effect. The main factors effecting the process of peaty soils transformation are discussed. It is claimed that cultural meadows must became a base of rational peaty soils exploitation. The choise of agricultural exploitation of drained in the past mire territories depends on a part of peaty soils in them and also on forming organomineral and mineral diversities. The agroecological state of drained peaty soils fund and prognosis of their transformation in future need in urgent implementation of organizational actions and adeguative acts adopting.
Резюме: В настоящей статье рассматриваются закономерности и агроэкологические последствия трансформации осушенных торфяных почв в процессе сельскохозяйственого их использования. Излагаются основные экологически обоснованные направления дальнейшего рационального их использования с целью экономного расходования остаточных запасов органического вещества, продления их долговечности.
Summary: Problems of relationship between the landscape structure and lake ecosystems of Belarus are considered. The facts are data of complex limnological investigation of 272 lakes of Belarus, location of lake hollows is coordinated with sort of landscapes according to classifier of landscape map of the Republic of Belarus. The regional peculiarities of limnogenesis with the development of vertical differentiation of landscapes has been revealed. In particular, from elevated to lowland landscapes a maximum depth decrease of lakes (from 12.7 to 5.7 m), middle depths (from 4.6 to 2.7 m), the volume of water (from 14.6 to 5.0 mln. m3), amounts of the mineralization from 200...220 to 160 mg/l, and the transparency from 2.2 to 1.5 m. have been traced. These and other peculiarities have been used for estimation of ecological state of lakes, according to which they were subdivided into four groups. The group of lakes with mast favourable ecological state fall under the hilly-moraine, kame-moraine, water-glacial, alluvial-terrace landscapes and landscapes river valley lakes. Lakes in the favourable ecological state are located in the lake-glacial and marshy landscapes. Lakes of the moraine-lake landscape are stationed in the weakly favourable ecological state. Not favourable ecological state is registered for the lakes of water-glacial and bottom-land landscapes.
Резюме: Рассматриваются проблемы взаимосвязи ландшафтной структуры с формированием и состоянием озер Беларуси. Фактическим материалом являются данные комплексного лимнологического обследования 272 озер Беларуси, местоположение котловин которых привязано к родам ландшафтов в соответствии с классификаторами ландшафтной карты Беларуси. Выявлены региональные особенности лимногенеза, связанные с проявлением вертикальной дифференциации ландшафтов, обнаружены закономерности изменения емкости озерных котловин, показателей минерализации и оптических свойств воды в связи с ярусностью ландшафтов.
Grinevich A.G., Pluzhnikov V.N.
Impact assessment of possible global warming on water resources and water economy. pp. 49--54
Summary: Analysis of multi-year range of meteorological data on the territory of Belarus shows that there is already some impact of the global warming having anthropogenic origin. As the impact of this process on water resource conditions of this country is of obvious practical and methodical importance, the article deals with possible quantitative assessment of water resource changes at different schemes of climate warming calculated by climatologists. Expected climate changes for the northern hemisphere are the following: increase of air temperature from 0.3°C to 3°C, and atmospheric precipitations from 0 to 15% against the present level (increase or decrease). Total correlation of possible changes is assessed according to the structure analysis of the water balance equation, and more detailed quantitative assessments are carried out on the basis of plurality correlation analysis. The idea of the method is to establish and optimize (by way of predictors variation) the correlative ties of a river flow characteristics and determining them meteorological parameters for the period of time with natural regime. The transition for hypothetical conditions of climate warming is carried out then by the transformation of the initial ranges of meteoelements. Some experimental catchments with sufficient information base and located in different zones of water flow formation were chosen for these calculations. The analysis done enabled to come to the following conclusions for river catchments of Belarus. 5% decrease of atmospheric precipitations may cause the decrease of average discharge during the hydrological year by 4.5...8%, and 10% precipitation decrease causes 7...16% flow decrease. Increase of air temperature (at constant precipitation) causes insignificant flow decrease (3%). Synchronous effect of air temperature increase of 2°C and 10% decrease in precipitation causes 13...14% river flow decrease. The article deals with the possible impact of these river flow changes on conditions of water use in the country, mainly for agricultural purposes, and gives the ways of further research of water resource and water economy reaction on anthropogenic climate warming.
Резюме: Излагаются методический подход и предварительные результаты исследований статистическим и воднобалансовым методами связей "климат -- сток". На основе полученных аналитических выражений сделан ориентировочный прогноз влияния возможных изменений (потепление) климата на водные ресурсы Беларуси с оценкой последствий для водного хозяйства, намечены также направления дальнейших исследований по проблеме.
Summary: Agroclimatic conditions of different regions of the territory of Belarus for main periods of winter crops development are: autumn, winter, and spring-summer that have been analyzed in this article. The necessity of sowing winter crops in optimum time have been emphasized. Optimum time of winter crops sowing is calculated for the whole territory of the republic. A number of unfavourable conditions for winter period (ice-crust, freezing, etc.) have been analyzed. It was stated, that winter pass of winter crops for the territory of Belarus is normal. The detailed agroclimatic estimation of winter crops growing conditions in spring-summer periods and conditions of their harvesting has been given. Main types of unfavourable weather conditions of spring-summer period have been emphasized, reducing considerably crop capacity. Particular attention is paid to the application of new methods of estimation of the loss of crop capacity of winter crops from unfavourable weather conditions on main regions of Belarus. They have emphasized, that according to carried out investigations the regions with low level of the use of agroclimatic resources have great reserves for potential increase of the crop capacity of winter crops, but appropriate arrangements are necessary to raise the efficiency of agriculture.
Резюме: Статья посвящена оценке агроклиматических условий произрастания озимых зерновых культур на территории Беларуси. Приводятся результаты исследований, позволивших детально проанализировать агроклиматические условия различных регионов (областей) Беларуси для основных периодов развития озимых культур: осеннего, зимнего и весенне-летнего. Выделены основные типы неблагоприятных погодных условий весенне-летнего периода, заметно снижающих урожайность культур. Особое внимание уделено применению новых методов оценки потерь урожайности озимой ржи от неблагоприятных погодных условий.
Summary: The data on the relationship between the artificial and natural forest regeneration in Belarus within the last 70 years were derived from the analysis of the amount of woodland, wood-harvest and artificial forest areas in the Republic carried out by the forest regulation organisations. Contrary to the wide-spread opinion that the artificial forest regeneration predominates in the Republic the data obtained show that the natural one prevails (85% in 1922 -- 1940 and 65% in 1945 -- 1990). In different years the proportion of artificial stands showed a sufficient rise, the total area under new stands accounting for 53% in 1956 -- 1980, including 67% in 1965 -- 1975. The total area under artificial stands in Belarus is 21.3% of the forested area. Since 1922 the mortality of artificial stands has been fixed on a total area of 700 ths ha and since 1983 -- 260 ths ha. This amount incorporates the forest cut during sanitary clear fellings, i.e. burnt and insect-damaged as well as those turned over to other departments, etc. In recent years the artificial forest regeneration in Belarus prevails in the 3:1 ratio. Economic difficulties conditioned an increase of the natural forest regeneration. This process will also be observed in the future. However, the change-over to the natural forest regeneration in the forested areas where artificial stands were traditionally established necessitates modifications of the final yield technologies since the current ones may remove the regrowth and the natural seeding may be lacking. Gradual fellings show promise for advantageous forest regeneration. However, ways of making compensation loggers for supplementary wood felling costs should be defined. The main problems to be resolved with respect to artificial stands are as follows: (i)optimum densities of artificial stands; (ii) rational methods of oak forest regeneration; (iii) increase of the proportion of the ash, lime and maple, and (iv) seed regeneration of black alder stands.
Резюме: В статье определяется доля естественного и искусственного лесовосстановления за последние 70 лет. Констатируется, что за указанный период было потеряно почти 30% лесных культур (0,7 млн га). В настоящее время новые лесные культуры соотносятся с естественным возобновлением в пропорции 3:1, а для повышения доли естественного возобновления требуется изменение технологии рубок главного пользования. Остаются нерешенными проблемы создания и выращивания семенных насаждений дуба и ольхи, вопрос о густоте лесных культур.
Gurin V.M.
Estimation of the ecotones role in supporting of species diversity. pp. 73--79
Summary: Due to the fragmentation of landscape the extension of ecotones and their significance increases. This process may lead to the increase of a number of species in the landscape, because species diversity in ecotones is usually higher. But we do not know for certain the roots of this phenomenon. In spite of this, some authors suggest not only to support the existing fragmentation of landscape, but to introduce "islands" of another vegetation in monoculture and to create "artificial ecotones". Possible ways of forming the ecotonal assemblages of invertebrates are discussed on the base of three years study of the ecotonal assemblages of carabids and literature information. Three hypothesis, considering the role of ecotones in supporting of species diversity are suggested: 1. Ecotones on the ecosystem level cannot be considered as the reserves of species diversity. 2. The increase of the length of the forest edge ecotones and the decrease of the size of forest fragments have an adverse effect on forest species preservation. 3. Some invertebrate species can use ecotones as temporary refugiums in case of unfavourable conditions and during hibernation. The increase of landscape heterogeneity leads to the increase of species diversity. Mainly, this effect is a result of new, especially eurytopic, species penetration. At the same time the number of stenotopic species decreases.
Резюме: В связи с увеличением гетерогенности современного ландшафта увеличивается значение переходных зон между отдельными его элементами или экотонов. Известно, что в экотонах видовое разнообразие обычно выше, чем в самих граничащих сообществах, поэтому ряд авторов предлагает использовать экотоны в качестве естественных резерватов биоразнообразия. В связи с этим, основываясь на результатах трехлетнего изучения экотонных комплексов жужелиц и опубликованных данных, автор рассмотрел возможные пути формирования экотонных комплексов, а также предложил гипотезы относительно роли экотонов в поддержании и сохранении видового разнообразия.
Summary: Explored industrial oil pools in the Republic of Belarus were discovered in the Northern area of the Pripyat Trough. The reconnaissance level of extractable hydrocarborn level there has reached 64%. Most likely, most of the greater oil pools has already been discovered. Further prospecting activity will lead to the small-scale oil deposits. Only in 4 of the 20 oil pools that have been discovered within the last ten years the amount of the explored oil resources exceeds I million tons. Geological efficiency of oil prospecting significantly changes with an increase of reconnaissance level. Following the discovery of the first industrial oil field (1964), the greater part of resources was explored in the first 4 years. During this period the efficiency of exploration work was the highest -- 18.6 tons of oil for every 100,000 drilling meters. In the following decade, in spite of the significant increase in drilling volume and geophysical research, the efficiency decreases 6.5 times (28 tons per meter) and remained practically the same (25 tons per meter) within the next ten years. After 1990 it has decreased almost 2 times (14.8 tons per meter). The sequence of oil exploration in different oil-promising areas of the Pripyat Trough and Gorodsko-Hatetsky Level was based on the condition analysis of the industrial and estimate resources. It has been shown, that the increase of exploration work volume under the achieved earth bowel reconnaissance level of the Northern part of the Trough using the existing technical opportunities will not lead to a significant increase of the explored oil reserves. Stabilization of the achieved level requires: 1. Use of new methods of oil trap researching and drilling preparation; 2. A significant increase of scientific research of regional and local prognosis of oil content in the relatively under-researched lithological and stratigraphycal units of different oil-promising areas; 3. Analysis and synthesizing of the available geological and geophysical data in order to prognoses new oil traps. Industrial application of the BelNIGRI methods of predicting the geological structure peculiarities of the oil-promising sediments through the use of non-traditional methods of seismic research and the ways of estimating the oil content of the traps prepared for drilling will improve the structure preparing quality. The recommended oil searching strategy will allow to decrease the drop rate of the oil production in Belarus.
Резюме: Рассматривается состояние промышленных запасов и неразведанных ресурсов углеводородов, динамика эффективности геологоразведочных работ и стратегия дальнейших нефтепоисковых исследований в Припятской нефтеносной области.
Summary: The assessment of dimension-density properties of the milled peat media and their individual factors has been carried out. Regularities of changing properties, depending on changes in dominating factors are ascertained. Some methodical principles to calculate the characteristics of ground peat and its processing products are developed. Inter-fractional distribution of peat particles and their density are determined by general, technical, physical and mechanical properties of raw material, specific ways of its grinding and technological processing. A new method has been substantiated and analytical dependences have been proposed describing the distribution curves of polydispersed blends and total outputs of fractions, depending on fraction size, for different conditions of peat processing and specific peat ones. An index is proposed to assess the interfractional non-homogeneity of ground peat. The proposed method to analyse the peat fraction content is valid for other materials too. Generalized results are presented as mathematical models that serve as a basis of quantitative assessment of dominating factors influence (decomposition rate, moisture content, mechanical processing level, slumping, dominating fraction size) on peat particles density in different fractions and their blends.
Резюме: Излагается оценка размерно-плотностных свойств сыпучих торфяных сред и отдельных их фракций, предлагаются зависимости для определения этих свойств. Полученные данные необходимы для расчета общей и фракционной эффективности пылеуловителей, определения режимов работы систем пневмотранспорта и анализа процесса ветровой эрозии торфяно-болотных почв.
Naumova G.V., Younusova L.Z., Ovchinnikova T.F., Makarova N.L., Chuduck V.N., Klyauze I.V.
Resource-saving peat sapropel raw-material processing resulting in ecology-safe plant growth stimulators. pp. 92--97
Summary: Peat and sapropel is a widely spread raw material rich in biologically active compounds of organic and mineral origin. To-date potential abilities of these natural resources are being realized not completely. One of the way of sustainable utilization of peat and sapropel raw material lies in its chemical processing resulting in the biologically active preparations of growth stimulating properties, being of extreme need to the modern plant cultivation. At the IPNRUE, NASns, Belarus, the technology of humic plant growth peat-based stimulator "HYDROHUMATE" has been developed by means of its successive acid-alkaline hydrolysis. The method mentioned enabled to activize humic acids and to purposfully obtain humic preparations, enriched with other biologically active components -- aminoacids, low-molecular carbon acids, pectin's and melanoidins. These preparations have effective impact upon the plants growth processes, ecology-safe and at the moment are more widely recognized by the agricultural science and practice As for sapropels utilization for the purposes discussed, there is no data in the literature. Considering high content in there composition of humic matters, amines, free amino-acids, vitamins, various micro-elements, i.e. manganese, cobalt, zinc, bore, iodine, etc. -- they should be paid a special attention to. On the example of organic sapropels of some reservoirs of Russia (lake Neru, the Kamskoye reservoir) and Belarus (lake Sudobl) the possibility of obtaining by the method described has been depictured on the basis more efficient than their peat analogues, plant growth simulators. They enhance considerably the seeds sprout, speed up synthetical processing in plants and result in more sensitive crop addition. But the outcome of sapropel preparation is lower than that of peat, what, evidently is stipulated by the greater amount of mineral substances presence in sapropel. Considering some drawbacks and advantages of these raw material types, an attempt of their joint processing has been made by applying acid-alkaline hydrolysis method. It was staled that mixing 10--15% of sapropel with peat raw material results in 75% preparation outcome regarding the initial raw material organic mass, when the active matters are found to be till 10%. In field tests, when corn is cultivated as a green mass and using new preparations, a crop increase hase been achieved as 44.5% (in dry matter). Pre-plant treatment of potato tubers with this preparation and plants spraying promoted not only to the crop increase (by 22 centners), but also to the decrease of plant disease with phytophorosis (by 32.5%). Therefore, joint peat-sapropel raw material processing allows to obtain, using resource-saving technologies, ecologically pure plant growth stimulators of high output and increased biological activity processing resistant to disease properties.
Резюме: Изучена возможность использования органических сапропелей Республики Беларусь и России в качестве сырья для получения экологически чистых регуляторов роста растений. Показана целесообразность их совместной переработки с торфом, т.к. это обеспечивает наиболее эффективное использование сырья, получение препаратов с большим выходов (до 75% от органической массы) и высокой биологической активностью.
Olodovsky P.P.
Theoretical grounding for receiring clean agricaltural products on contaminated lands. pp. 98--108
Summary: The technology of getting ecologicaly clean products is based on the applying of quicklime and phosphogyps in the soil. The article shows the experimental results, received on the experimental sites of the K.Marx collective farm (Loyev district, Gomel region) in 1993--1996. The article contains new notions about the clay particles. The method of calculation of the exchange cation ties energy in the disperse system, based on the theory of chemical claw in solids, allows to assess the relative value of the cation diffusion factor while applying the meliorant and to calculate its optimum dose. The exchange cations are: caesium, strontium, cadmium, lead. The calculations of the ions ties energy are made for kaolinite and muscovite. For this aim the results of the clayish mineral grating deformation while applying calcium oxide during the process of water molecule sorbtion were used. The article points out that during the application of carbonic calcium (the main component of dolomite flour) the additional grating deformation does not occur. It means that the applying of dolomite flour in neutral soils cannot lead to the increase of ion ties energy with soil, and accordinly there will be no decrease in their concentration in agricaltural products. The article shows that the mechanism of ion transfer intensity changes from soil into plants under the impact of calcium oxide (quicklime) is connected with substitution of hydrogen for calcium in crystal gratings of clayish minerals and humus acids. The substitution of hydrogen for calcium leads to the decrease of term of oxygen atom valent electrons in grating. And, accordinly, for all diffusing ions, which atom term in s-condition is less, than the oxygen atom term of p-condition in grating, the ties energy with grating increases at applying calcium oxide into the system. These ions are: caesium, strontium, cadmium, lead and other ions. For the diffusing ions, which atom term in s-condition is bigger than the oxygen atom term ofp-condition in grating, the energy of their ties with grating decreases. This ions are: phosphorus, copper, cobalt, chromium and others. This theoretical result explains the experimental data of the delay of the transfer of caesium-137, strontium-90, cadmium and lead from soil into plants and ground water, as well as the increase in agricaltural productivity.
Резюме: В работе приведены экспериментальные результаты, полученные на опытно-производственных участках в 1993 -- 1996 гг. Показаны новые представления о строении глинистых частиц. На основе теории химического захвата в твердых телах предлагается метод расчета энергии связи обменных катионов в дисперсных системах, позволяющий оценить относительную величину коэффициента их диффузии при внесении мелиоранта и оптимальную дозу его внесения.
Summary: Some methodological questions of geoecological planning of natural-technogenic geosystems are described. At present the boundaries are an independent object of research. They play an essential role at the process of planning and functioning of natural-technogenic geosystems. The boundaries are considered as an independent element of territorial organization of natural-technogenic geosystems. Geographical boundaries possess a number of special functions. The following functions such as -- delimitation, barrier-contact, supplementary, nature protective and monitoring are the most important and valuable at the geoecological planning. Each of the functions noted are characterized by its peculiarity. Accoding to the conception of geographical boundaries the principal functions of natural-technogenic geosystems boundaries are considered. On the basis of boundary functions the possibility of their use as an element of geoecological planning is substantiated. With the help of these functions the boundaries of planning technical component of natural-technogenic geosystems and boundaries of zone of impact and outward boundary of natural-technogenic geosystem are delimitated. At the same time by determining the parameteres of natural-technogenic geosystems the boundaries are the criterion for appraisal of territorial compatible different natural-technogenic geosystems and they are also the merit of resources use of the place and reserve its development. Using the boundaries, the functional zoning of natural-technogenic geosystems is realized and problems of the territorial monitoring organization are set and decided.
Резюме: Статья посвящена методологическим вопросам геоэкологического проектирования природно-технических геосистем (ПТГ). На основе концепции географических границ раскрыты основные функции границ ПТГ (маркировочная, барьерно-контактная, резервная, природоохранная (защитная) и мониторинговая). С учетом этих функций обосновывается возможность использования границ в качестве элемента геоэкологического проектирования.
Sidorovich Y.A., Arabei N.M., Chubanov K.D.
Heavy metals concentration of pine forests affected by technogenic contamination of the environment. pp. 114--121
Summary: Investigation results are presented on some metals (plumbum, nickel, copper, cobalt, manganese) in sandy soils with pine forests adjacent to industrial centers of Belarus (Grodno, Vitebsk, Novopolotsk, Lukoml power station) as well as in background areas: in Berezinski biospheric reserve and the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park. Soil samples from different horizons have been taken from 20 pine forests and 1300 chemical analyses have been made by the "Spectro" plasma spectrometer. Major attention has been paid to humus-accumulative soil horizon as the major accumulator of industrial pollutants that affect the growth and productivity of plants including the forest ones. The content of investigated pollutants in root layer of soil is shown not exceeding the acceptable levels for this type of soil and which corresponds to low and average levels of their accumulation. At the same time, the concentration of some heavy metals in soils with growing close to the industrial centres pines is noted to be a bit higher than in control areas. This plumbum concentration in soils with pines in industrial areas reaches 33 mg/kg, nickel -- 51, chromium -- 50, zinc -- 104, copper -- 36, while in reserves these indices do not exceed 15 mg/kg, 10, 20, 37 and 19 mg/kg respectively. Only for cobalt and manganese considerable differences have not been found.
Резюме: Приведены данные по концентрации некоторых тяжелых металлов в почвах сосновых фитоценозов, находящихся в зонах распространения техногенных эмиссий вокруг крупных промышленных центров Беларуси и на контрольных (заповедных) территориях. Установлено, что содержание поллютантов в корнеобитаемом слое почвы не превышает установленных для данного типа почвогрунтов ПДК и соответствует низкому или среднему уровню их аккумуляции.
Bambalov N.N., Racovich V.A.
Lake-mire complexes as natural geoecosystems. pp. 122--125
Summary: The term of lake-mire complexes (LMC) has been formulated as the ecosystems consisting of lakes, mires and slopes of local water collectors which posses the community of hydrological regimes, physical-geographical processes and influence each other. The anthropogenic interference on the one component of LMC exert influence on the other components of LMC. It is separated three groups of LMC in dependence on the quantity of genetic centres, namely: monogenetic, bigenetic and polygenetic, or complicated LMC.
Резюме: Сформулировано понятие озерно-болотных комплексов, предложена их классификация и показана роль антропогенного фактора в их функционировании.
Metlitskiy A.V., Kachanovskiy I.M., Sobolevskaya T.A., Maiboroda V.D., Loginova E.V., Philukova T.A.
Automated information system "Licensing of the vegetation world of the Republic of Belarus". pp. 126--129
Summary: At present the question of conversion to machine processing of information is on agenda. The decision of problems, connected with rational use and protection of vegetation's world, is impossible without elaboration of computer systems. So the centre "Ecology" produces the development of information retrieval system (IRS) on licensing of objects of vegetation's world during a year and a half. The task to realise the automation of the environment management was aimed at the engineering of the system. The technique of creation of ARS was fulfilled on republican level of management (The Ministry of natural resources and the environment protection). The initial data were received from materials of licenses, from reports of private firms and from the scientific data of plant's resources. The main data bases of the IRS "Licenses" are: "Licenses", "The canceled licenses", "The territory of use", "The limits of preparations of resources and the reports of preparations", "The commercial and biological resources", as well as accompanying data bases (DB). IRS is easy to use. It is protected from non-authorized use and it can be installed on IBM PC/AT/ 486 in environment MSDOS 6.2.In future this system could be included to the general IRS "The world of vegetation".
Резюме: В статье рассматриваются организационная и информационная структура, программное обеспечение и возможности автоматизированной информационной системы "Лицензирование объектов растительного мира Республики Беларусь", созданной в среде СУБД FoxPro и внедренной в работу Министерства природных ресурсов и охраны окружающей среды.
Summary: On the example of the contacted landscapes of Belovezhskaya Pushcha it has been established that the organic profiles of different watered soils locate in the zone of biogenic recycling. The profiles of peat soils are subdivided by the ground water level in two different parts: the top part locates in the zone of geological recycling and the bottom one in the zone of geological one. The ratio between the top and the bottom parts systematically decreases every year due to the transition of some part of peat layer from the biogenic recycling zone to the geological recycling one. There is a balance between the biogenic accumulative and the biogenic destructive processes in automorphic and semi-hydromorphyc soils. That is why the carbon recycling is balanced and the systematic humus renovation is typical for these soils. But in these peat soils these processes and carbon recycling are not balanced each year. This results in the organic carbon accumulation in the hydromorphic soils much more than in the subairic ones during the holocene. The investigated peat soils have accumulated organic carbon and have taken by this way the atmospheric carbon oxide 3.4 -- 7.2 times more than mineral soils.
Резюме: Приведены результаты сравнительной оценки запасов углерода органического вещества и скорости его аккумуляции в почвах сопряженных ландшафтов Беловежской пущи за время их развития в голоцене.
Rachevski A.N., Metelitsa A.V.
Interrational Conference on sustainable development of countries with economies in transition. pp. 140--142
Final document of the International Conference on sustainable development of countries with economies in transition (Minsk, 16–18.04.1997). pp. 143--145
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