(Prirodnye Resursy)
Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
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NATURAL RESOURCES (Prirodnye Resursy) Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus |
Summary: The State scientific-technical program "To Develope the Strategy of Efficient Nature Management, Assess the Environment Components State and Provide the Forecast of Their Change and Use" ("Nature Management and Environment Protection") has been formed in order to work out scientific bases and technical decisions, ensuring the increase of the Republic's self-provision with its own natural resources and introduction of ecologically safe and resource-saving technologies, aimed at the effective environment protection and decrease of anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems. Conforming to the main goal, the Program envisages decision of main basic tasks: substantiation of nature management strategy and environment protection; development of normative-legal base, economic mechanism of nature management and environment protection; assessment of the state and forecast of natural resources reserves dynamics and the environment components (atmosphere, hydrosphere, mineral-raw materials and soil resources, fauna and flora, landscapes), the population living conditions and health; development of ecologically safe, energy- and resource-saving technologies, economy activity optimisation; eco-information systems creation, development of complex events and means related to the ecology education, population upbringing and informing. As a result of tasks to be done, the scientific bases of state ecological policy will be developed, and agrobiological technologies in farming, ecologically safe technologies in energetics, machine construction, chemical and other industrial branches, in houshold economy will aslo be mastered. Large-scale introduction of scientific projects, technologies, equipment will enable it to ensure the detrimental effluents decrease into the surroundings up to safe levels, as well as to realize measures on surface waters and soil ecologicasl rehabilitation. In 1997--1998, 142 units of normative-directory documentation, program products -- 48, map-schemes and charts -- 23, high technologies -- 18, modern equipment -- 18 will be developed in all, 15 data bases on ecology problems, modern materials -- 6, devices -- 3 will be created.
Резюме: Государственная научно-техническая программа "Разработать стратегию рационального природопользования и охраны окружающей среды, оценить состояние компонентов окружающей среды и дать прогноз их изменения и использования ("Природопользование и охрана окружающей среды") сформирована с целью разработки научных основ и технических решений, обеспечивающих повышение уровня само обеспечения республики собственными природными ресурсами, и внедрение экологобезопасных и ресурсосберегающих технологий, направленных на эффективную защиту окружающей среды и уменьшение антропогенного воздействия на природные экосистемы. В соответствии с главной целью программа предусматривает решение следующих основных задач: обоснование стратегии природопользования и охраны окружающей среды; разработка нормативно-правовой базы, экономического механизма природопользования и охраны окружающей среды; оценка состояния и прогноз динамики запасов природных ресурсов и компонентов окружающей среды (атмосферы, гидросферы, минерально-сырьевых и почвенных ресурсов, растительности и животного мира, ландшафтов), условий жизни и здоровья населения; разработка экологобезопасных, энерго- и ресурсосберегающих технологий, оптимизация хозяйственной деятельности; создание экоинформационных систем, разработка комплекса мероприятий и средств по экологическому образованию, воспитанию и информации населения. В результате реализации заданий будут разработаны научные основы государственной экологической политики, а также освоены агробиологические технологии в сельском хозяйстве, экологически безопасные технологии в энергетике, машиностроении, химической и других отраслях промышленности, в коммунальном хозяйстве. Широкомасштабное внедрение научных разработок, технологий, оборудования дадут возможность обеспечить уменьшение вредных выбросов в окружающее природное пространство до безопасных уровней, а также осуществить меры экологической реабилитации почвы и поверхностных вод. Всего за 1997 -- 1998 годы будет разработано нормативно-справочной документации 142 комплекта (единицы), программных продуктов -- 48, картосхем и карт -- 23, новых технологий -- 18, нового оборудования -- 8, будет создано 15 баз данных по проблемам экологии, новых материалов -- 6, приборов -- 3.
Summary: The methods of spatial heterogeneity of chemical elements and compounds distribution in natural and natural-technical systems are delivered. The ways of indication and identification of latteral structure of geochemical fields are given, what makes it possible to apply qualitative method (mathematical statistics methods including) to investigate the peculiarities of re-distribution of the matter in a landscape sphere. The application of the methodics mentioned makes it possible to reveal links between the specific peculiarity of a landscape sphere (relief, vegetation feature, soil forming rock) and the conditions of chemical elements migration. The proposed methodical way allows to mathematically describe and identify the form of practically spontaneous X- or Y-directed drawing, this can be used in many research spheres, connected with the necessity of specific condition identification or process type.
Резюме: Излагаются методические подходы к решению проблемы выявления закономерностей пространственного распределения химических элементов и соединений в почве.
Summary: The results of aquarium and nature tests with sapropels of different composition on studying the peculiarities of biogenic elements migration from sediments to water are stated. The mass-exchange of a sediment was revealed depending mainly on bottom deposits chemical composition, the intensivity of their being affected, oxidation-restoration conditions and pH medium. Minimal biogenic elements migration is observed as a pattern of the dystrophy lake Betskoye, possessing low biogenic properties, a minimal one -- lake Meno's sediments, marked with an increased biogeneity. Complex characteristic of water composition and properties of the lacustrine water studied under sapropel mining have been obtained, what allows to timely reveal the reasons of negative phenomena. Thr sapropels extraction produces the effect of mixing, what may result in secondary water mass pollution with biogenic substances and heavy metals. The use of hydromechanized way on the Betskoye lake did not affect the ecological state. Total deterioration of the lymnosystem used to occur when sapropel was extracted by the grappel in high eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes (the Meno, the Vecher). The biota composition of those lakes had a decrease of diversity at the mass development of (and) mezosaprobes intensive phytoplankton development, resulting in chlorophyll and zoo-plankton biomass concentration increase, hydrochemical indices deterioration. The recommendation on the sapropels extraction technique from lakes of various trophicity has been presented.
Резюме: Приводятся результаты аквариумных экспериментов с сапропелями различного состава по изучению особенностей миграции биогенных элементов из осадков в воду при разной интенсивности перемешивания. Показано, что массообмен осадка с водой зависит главным образом от химического состава донных отложений, интенсивности воздействия на них, окислительно-восстановительных условий и рН среды. Минимальная миграция биогенных элементов наблюдается в случае сапропеля дистрофного озера Бецкое, обладающего низкими биогенными свойствами, максимальная -- из осадков озера Мено, отличающихся повышенной биогенностью. Проведенные натурные наблюдения на разрабатываемых озерах подтверждают выводы, полученные в лабораторных опытах.
Summary: The assessment of amelioration impact upon the climate on the territory of Belarus and the adjoining states had been done.The comparison of temperature and precipitations in Southern and Northern parts of Belarus within the period of active amelioration (1965--1993) and preceding periods reflected temperature drop in the South of Belarus in June and July and temperature rise (or more weak drop than in June or July) of the temperature in August. In Northern parts of the Republic the temperature drop was marked being substantially less or its rise increase in July and August . The rise of a mean month temperature by 0.3--0.4 °C in Southern part in comparison to the Northern one can be referred due to the intensive amelioration of the South of the Republic and the adjoining states. The growth of the precipitations amount was registered in the South of the Republic within the period of active amelioration in June and July, and as for its drop -- in August, thus being in conformance with the notorious physical notions concerning the role of local evaporation change in a water circulation. Therefore, amelioration of Southern regions of the Republic and the adjoining states resulted in regional temperature variations by the value of 0.3--0.4 °C and precipitations by 10--35 mm in summer time, but the index of the variation of the temperature and precipitations differs in the first and second period of summer time.The reasons of the revealed spatial -- temporal distinctive features of the temperature and precipitations variation were considered.
Резюме: Мелиорация южных районов Беларуси и сопредельных стран привела к изменениям температуры в южной части нашей страны на величину 0,3...0,4°С и осадков на 10...35 мм в летнее время года. Знак изменения температуры и осадков различается в первую и вторую часть летнего сезона. Рассмотрены причины обнаруженных пространственно-временных изменений температуры и осадков.
A.N. Vitchenko
Agroecological potential of the landscapes of Belarus. pp. 29--37
Summary: Theoretical and practical questions of agroecological potential analysis of NTC of Belarus have been developed on the basis of theoretical and methodological positions of physical geography and landscape science . They have suggested a new method of analysis of landscape agroecological potential, based on the synthesis of the conception of maximum productivity of agricultural crops of landscape ecological approach with the use of the methodology of system analysis, based mathematical modeling of natural and natural-anthropological objects and processes. They have worked out the method and carried out the estimation of the agroecological resources of Belarussian landscapes on the regional and local levels. Carried out investigations are directed at the increasing efficiency of the use of natural recourses of NTC of Belarus and the development of scientific-methodical base of agrometeorological ensuring of the republican agriculture.
Резюме: Рассматриваются вопросы теории, методики и практики анализа агроэкологического потенциала ПТК. Беларуси. Предложен новый метод анализа агроэкологического потенциала ландшафтов, основанный на синтезе концепции максимальной продуктивности сельскохозяйственных культур и ландшафтно-экологического подхода с использованием методологии системного анализа, базирующейся на математическом моделировании природных и природно-антропогенных объектов и процессов. Представлены результаты оценки агроэкологического потенциала ландшафтов Беларуси на региональном и локальном уровнях.
Summary: Intensive logging was carried out for the past fifty years resulted in a significant decrease of the amount of mature forests and violation of the age structure of the forests in Belarus. Though the annual increase of wood is 23 mln. m3 there the volume of logging is less than its half, i.e. the rate of wood maturation lags behind the rate of its logging. The next 15 to 20 years will be an important period to correct the present age structure of the forests of Belarus. The increase of the forests productivity and the improvement of their species compositions are still the tasks of prime importance. These problems should be solved using the genetic and breeding basis. The Chernobyl accident introduces significant amendments into the exploitation of natural mushroom and berry fields. In addition, forest food products start playing a basic role in the formation of annual radiation dose among the population living in the conditions of periodic radioactive contamination. Constancy, inexhaustion and continuous forest use are the basic scientific principles of the forest branch functioning. The principle of the natural genetic potential preservation of all the forest biological compartments of forest ecosystems is of no less importance. A special system of measures aimed at the increase of resistance of forests to radiation and speeding-up the process of their rehabilitation should be implemented in radionuclide-contaminated forests.
Резюме: Анализируются причины нарушения структуры лесов. Показана многоцелевая роль лесов не только как источника древесины и других полезностей леса, но и как средорегулирующего фактора для территории Беларуси. Обосновываются основные научные принципы сохранения и улучшения лесного генофонда и функционирования лесной отрасли, в том числе и в условиях радиоактивного загрязнения.
T.A. Filyukova , N.I. Ivanova, T.A. Borsuk, E.V. Loginova , V.D. Maiboroda, V.M. Fedenya
The valuations of conditions of fish resources of Chigirinskoye reservoir (Mogilev area) on the basis of long-term changes of morpho-physiologicol parameters of main marketable fishes. pp. 43--50
Summary: In connection with the anthropogenic pressure to the Chigirinskoye reservoir, it is nesessary to organize the biological monitoring of this basin, especially of condition of fish resources. The analysis of long-term changes of morpho-phisiological and biological parameters of marketable fishes of Chigirinskoye reservoir is possible to use as a beginning of such monitoring. As an object of research the bream Abramis brama L, the pike Esox lucius L, and the roach Rutilus rutilus L were chosen. Some parameters of morphophisiological state were chosen to characterize the condition of fish resources. The data are given for the period of 1984--1993. The long-term changes of mentioned parameters were analyzed as separately on seasons, as midlleseason. The fishes of age 3--4 were chosen for research. As conclusion follows we are to note that there is a tendency to the increase of parameters describing the fatness of individuals. It means that the process of euthrophication has started a steady character. The measures directed to prevention of adverse consequences from developments of this processes are necessary. The development and realization of such measures would be expediently executed within the frameworks of organization of the republican reserve "Chigirinka".
Резюме: В статье проведен анализ данных по динамике морфофизиологических и биологических показателей промысловых видов рыб Чигиринского водохранилища (Могилевская область) за период с 1984 по 1993 год. Сделан вывод о том, что процесс эвтрофирования водоема принял устойчивый характер.
Summary: At the achieved stage of biological knowledge over 4,000 mineral deposits have been discovered in Belarus.They may be divided into 2 categories according to the reconnaissance extent. The first one comprises mineral deposits prospected in detail. It includes fuel sources (oil, brown coal, peat), agrochemical raw materials (potassium salts, rock-salts, sapropels and dolomites), various building material (cement, building and coating stones; building silicate, glass sands; sand and gravel mixtures; fireclays, ceramic clays, ones for light fillers), moulding sands, fresh and mineral underground waters. The second category comprises unprospected deposits. It includes deposits of iron ores, rare metals, aluminium and soda raw materials, oil-shales, phosphorites, gypsum,mineral fibres, zeolitebearing silicates, bentonite clays, etc. Nevertheless, exploitation of our own deposits does not completely supply the industry with mineral and raw material resources. The Republic of belarus imports 10--12 mln tons of oil, 70 th tons of coal, 14.4 th tons of glass sands, 200 th tons of high-mark moulding sands, 70 th tons of moulding clays, 20.1 th tons of tripeles, 13.5 th tons of coalin, 105.4 th tons of cement,47.4 th tons of calcium soda. In order to satisfy requirements of the Republic of Belarus by own mineral resources, a program entitled "Program of accelerating the prospecting work for 1993--2000" has been drawn up. The Program was approved by the Government and it is to help the Republic accelerate its economic independence.
Резюме: Минерально-сырьевые ресурсы являются важнейшим фактором, определяющим экономический потенциал любого государства. В этой связи, в статье в тезисной форме показаны состояние минерально-сырьевой базы Республики Беларусь и пути ее расширения с целью замены импортируемых ресурсов отечественными.
M.G. Yasoveev
Exploration forecast and mineral water resources of Belarus. pp. 56--65
Summary: Spreading and exploration peculiarities of mineral waters (MW) and medical brines (MB) main groups and kinds of Belarus have been investigated. Mineral water and medical brine resources have been calculated. The peculiarities of chemical composition and medical exploration of MW and MB deposits are analysed in the health resort purporses. The necessity of effort of geological-prospecting works for MW and MB in Minsk, Vitebsk, Grodno regions are pointed out.
Резюме: Исследованы особенности распространения и использования основных видов и групп минеральных вод (МВ) и лечебных рассолов (ЛР) на территории Беларуси, проведена оценка и дан анализ ресурсов МВ и ЛР (по состоянию на 01.01.1996) по градациям солесодержания, химическому составу, количеству и использованию лечебно-профилактическими и санаторно-курортными учреждениями. Оценены перспективы открытия новых видов и месторождений МВ и ЛР, обоснована необходимость усиления поисковых и разведочных работ на минеральные воды и лечебные рассолы в Минской, Витебской и Гродненской областях Беларуси.
V.A. Vecher, V.P. Dachevich, N.V. Kirichenko
Bentonite clays of Belarus and perspectives of their use. pp. 66--71
Summary: Solution of the problem of supplying consumers of the country with bentonite raw materials largely depends on developing of clay rock resources of the Miocene. They are widely found in the Southeast of Belarus as a part of continental sand clay sedimentary rock of the Neogene. The clays of the Miocene form stratified deposits of a complex structure in some cases characterized by favourable mining conditions. At present they are investigated by means of geological prospecting work in the Ostrozhanski depozit situated in the Lel'tchitks District, Gomel Region, at the village Ostrozhanka. The mineral resources under discussion are fine dispersed aleurite varieties of clays (plasticity index 25--40). The main clayforming minerals are: alkaline earth, dioctahedral montmorillonite and compound-firm phase of hidromicomontmorillonite tipe, account for 45--65% of the weght of the rock. Fine-grained quartz, hydromico and kaolinite are constantly found as an admixture. Core samples show that exchange capacity varies within 0.3--0.6 Mg-eq./h. The number of particles sized less than 0.001 mm is 51.37--84.24%. The clays of the Ostrozhanski deposit are suitable to manufacture moulding sands with the specifications from I4O3 to I2O3, but chiefly with the specifications C3O3 and I3O3. Being activated the clays can also be used for production of high-strength moulding sands. Modified by calcinated soda by the siplest method, natural clays are also used to make claypowders to manufacture drilling solutions (not lower than Grade III) with the output of 6--8 m3/t. The calculated reserves of the mounding clays of the Ostrozhanski deposit are 10 mln tons. The prospects of the clays application as a nontraditional adsorptional material in the sphere of the agrarian and industrial sector of Belarusian economy have also been discussed in the article.
Резюме: Приводится характеристика состава, физико-химических свойств и горно-геологических условий залегания глинистых пород Острожанского месторождения Беларуси. Рассмотрены перспективы их применения для литейного производства, в технологии бурения скважин, а также как нетрадиционного адсорбционного сырья для отраслей агропромышленного комплекса и природоохранных мероприятий.
Summary: The technology of obtaining Br and I from the Pripyat Trough brines of high salinity was worked out on the basis of selective extraction by C4H9OH. At the first stage of technological process the bromine and iodine concentrate containing up to 70--80 g/l of Br and 600-700 mg/l of I can be obtained from the initial brines (4 g/l and 30--50 mg/l respectively). Pure (technical) halogens are extracted at the second stage of the process. Several technological process operations are considered to be inventions and they will be patented. In contradistinction to the available analogues the new technology makes it possible to get the both halogens during a single process with low energy expenses and ecological security of production. The technology is notable for high effect of Br and I extraction (up to 80--90 %), low wastes and an opportunity of C4H9OH recycling, utilization of cheap and untoxic reagents and simplisity of constructional mounting. The optimal composition of brines suitable for extraction and treatment was determined. Sections of water-bearing complexes with a minimal probability of salt deposition in bore-holes and with brine composition favourable for halogen extraction were suggested by the means of thermodynamic modelling and hydrogeochemical mapping. Perspectives of hydromineral branch development as well as possible spheres of technical halogens use and ways of Br and I production wastes were studied.
Резюме: Излагаются результаты технологических испытаний и физико-химических исследований промышленных рассолов Припятского прогиба. Разработана новая эффективная и малоэнергоёмкая технология селективной экстракции брома и иода, учитывающая сложную экономическую и экологическую обстановку в нашей стране и специфику состава подземных рассолов. Выделены перспективные участки водоносных комплексов, обладающие оптимальным составом рассолов и низкой вероятностью солевой кольматации рассолоподьёмного оборудования скважин. Намечены пути решения первоочередных задач становления гидроминеральной отрасли Беларуси.
Summary: On the results of detailed landscape-geochemical investigations on the territory of Gomel peculiarities of microelements contents in various substances are shown. Statistics of microelements distribution in soils, wastes, bottom deposits are analysed. Relations between soil contamination and landscape-functional structures are examined. With the use of different criteria the elements -- main soil pollutants were revealed. It was determined, that to priority pollutants belong chromium, lead and copper; for the most of other elements, especially for nickel, barium, vanadium, strontium, yttrium, lanthanum local anomalies are characteristic. This peculiarities can be interpreted as a consequence of specifics emissions of town industry, which have chemical -- machine-building specialization.
Резюме: В статье на основании материалов детальной ландшафтно-геохимической съемки характеризуется содержание микроэлементов в литогенных депонирующих компонентах ландшафтов г. Гомеля, а также в отходах. Приводится и анализируется широкий спектр статистических параметров распределения микроэлементов. Рассмотрена связь структуры загрязнения почв с ландшафтно-функциональной структурой города. По сочетанию различных критериев выявлены основные микроэлементы-загрязнители.
D.M. Eroshina, N.A. Lysukho, I.A. Zalygina
Conditions for location of objects on landfilling of solid domestic wastes in the Mogilyov region. pp. 94--98
Summary: In Mogilyov region are registered 22 zones of SDW, at which 250 ths, tones of wastes are being landfilled. The analysis of geological and hydrogeological placement of zones and extent of remoteness of zones and sources of wastes formation was fulfiled. According to geological and hydrogeological conditions three areas are distinguished: south-west, central and south-east. South-west area with gravel sandy rock composition and non-protectiveness of ground waters is the most unfavourable for location of zones. Central area is the most favourable for choosing sites for zones, as within its territory a well developed at the surface morainy loams and sandy loams, can more or less reliably protect ground waters from pollution. Most of zones can be built with minimal costs for creation of nature protective facilities. In the sound-east area, which is characterised by mosaic picture, the choice of place for zones location is to be carried out at the basis of geological and hydrogeological maps, what can save money for nature protective facilities. In the Mogilyov region SDW zones located far from district centres, on the average at 5--7 km. Most part of people settlements situated out of coverage radius of being serviced territory. For Mogilyov region it is expediently to elaborate regional scheme for location of zones, collection points and temporary wastes storage, and also establish the centre for processing and utilization of wastes, paying attention to their separate collection.
Резюме: Проведено районирование Могилевской области по геолого-гидрогеологическим условиям расположения полигонов ТБО. Выделены 3 зоны из которых центральная является наиболее благоприятной для выбора площадок под полигоны. Здесь они могут быть построены с минимальными затратами на природоохранные сооружения. Средняя удаленность полигонов от основных источников образования отходов составляет 5...7 км. Большинство населенных пунктов области расположены вне радиуса охвата полигонами обслуживаемой территории.
S.L. Maksimova, A.A. Matveenko, V.V. Blinov
The effects of radioactive contamination on the soil mezofauna in the pine forests. pp. 99--102
Summary: We have carried out the pedobiological investigation in the pine forests of the zone of radioactive contamination, Belarus. The biogeocenoses differed in gamma-radiation background and the radionuclide amount accumulated in soil and litter. The dynamics of the complex of the soil invertebrates and ecological consequences of the Chernobyl disaster in the alientation and evacuation zone was studied. The material was collected in the field seasons during 1993--1994 from mid-April to October, using the method of pit-fall traps at reference points. It was established that the main trends in variation of the Chernobyl nuclear accident -- induced radioactive contamination on the soil fauna. In the radiocontaminated forest biogeocenoses a higher radionuclide content was found to result in suppression on soil mesofauna of which is manifested by a decrease of density. Radioactive contamination affects not only permanent soil inhabitants but also actively migrating invertebrates. This seems to be associated to long-term radiation exposure of the biogeocenoses. Thus, our studies allowed us to estimate correctly the changes induced by radioactive contamination caused by the Chernobyl nuclear accident at the level of soil invertebrate communities.
Резюме: На территориях, подвергшихся радиоактивному загрязнению в результате аварии на ЧАЭС и изъятых из хозяйственного использования, изучена динамика комплексов почвенных беспозвоночных, а также экологических последствий длительного воздействия малых доз ионизирующего излучения на организменном уровне. В результате проведенных исследований выявлены некоторые основные тенденции изменений в сообществах почвообитающих беспозвоночных, получены данные, характеризующие физиологическое состояние популяций модельных видов и групп животных в зоне, пострадавшей от аварии на ЧАЭС. Полученные результаты послужат основой для разработки принципов и методов биоиндикации радионуклидного загрязнения.
M.I. Struk
The limit factors of natural resources use for the recreation activity in a suburban region of Minsk. pp. 103--107
Summary: The limit factors of natural resources use for the recreation activity in a suburban region of Minsk are presented. They are connected with an absence of greate natural basins, a pollution of constructed reservoirs by biogenous matters, a limitation of economic resources in the country. The reasons of that situation are: a low stability of reservoirs to pollution and the presence of theirs contacts with object-pollutants. These objects are settlements, tilage, cattle-breeding farms. A realization of water protection measures is a complecated one. It is conditioned by the limitation of economic resources of the country.
Резюме: Рассматривается вопрос о том, как в условиях растущего рекреационного спроса преодолеваются ограничения, связанные с отсутствием крупных естественных водоемов в пригороде Минска. Оценена эффективность выполнения рекреационной функции построенными здесь водохранилищами. Отмечена ее зависимость от издержек на водоохранные мероприятия.
A.V. Tomashevich
New tendencies in the theory and practice of the economics of nature management. pp. 108--115
Summary: At the stage of transition to market relations it is necessary to introduce a new mechanism of economic protection of nature, use and reproduction of nature resources on the basis of different property forms. The privatization of nature objects will provide the opportunity to enlist the private investments to the economy, to add the budget and to make the business activity more intensive. In the article proposed, the theoretical aspects of the evaluation of nature resource potential of the region, the new approaches of the data base formation of the nature management in Belarus are considered.
Резюме: Рассмотрены теоретические аспекты оценки природноресурсного потенциала региона, новые подходы к формированию информационной основы управления природопользованием Беларуси.
Summary: Conditions and representations of functioning network of special profited natural territories of Belarus are analyzed. The network structure and profited natural ecosystems structure have been shown. Prohibited area is 476.0 th/hec (2.29%) and reserve area is 577.8 th/hec (2.79%). Total present day protected area is 1053.8 th/hec (5.08% of all territory of the Republic). This area comprises the following ecosystems percentage: forests -- 63.4%, mires -- 19.0%, meadows -- 6.9% and water ecosystems -- 3.8%. The network includes 3 reserves, 3 national parks, 77 preserves of Republican Level and 95 natural biological memorials. At the same time, despite its rather high thickness the network is not well enough representative and distributed over the territory, it does not provide the complete conservation process, genofund and biodiversity preservation. The conception of further forming and optimization of network profited natural territories has been drafted. The basic ways of conception realization have been determined. Due to network being optimized it will be possible to provide not only the genofund, biodiversity and wildlife conservation but it will be a stabilized base in ecological and biosphere processes in Belarussian region as well.
Резюме: Анализируется современное состояние функционирующей сети особоохраняемых природных территорий (ООПТ) Беларуси, показана ее структура и состав охраняемых экосистем (лесные, луговые, болотные). Изложена концепция развития и оптимизации сети ООПТ, пути ее практической реализации с учетом многофункциональности и стабилизирующей роли в биосферных процессах.
Summary: The analyses of mean maximal, minimal and mean temperatures on the meteorological stations of Belarus, located in big cities and other populated sites for the period of 1950 through 1990 years revealed various character of both mean maximal and minimal temperatures variation and dependence of the variation value considering the year season. Mean minimal temperatures increase especially in big cities, and mean maximal temperatures fall in a hot year season. It results accordingly in the daily temperature amplitude decrease. The decrease of mean maximal temperatures depends on the aerosol pollution increase in big cities, and the rise of mean minimal temperatures is substantiated by the hot-bed gases content increase in the atmosphere and other anthropogenic factors. The distinctive features of the temperature variation within twenty four hours in various year seasons confirm the existence of assymetry of the extreme temperatures trends, but the difference in the rate of minimal and maximal temperatures rise is not statistically important and can be viewed as a qualitative proof of the intrigue-like conclusion only of a number of authors about three-fold difference of day and night temperatures rise growth. The damping impact of the anthropogenic aerosols results in the decrease of daytime temperatures in a warm year season and therefore in the absence of climate warming at the season specified, which could have happened due to the hot-bed gases contents increase in the atmosphere.
Резюме: Проводится оценка изменений средних максимальных (MAX) и средних минимальных (MIN) суточных температур на территории Беларуси за последние 30 -- 40 лет в зависимости от сезона года и влияния хозяйственной деятельности. Показано уменьшение амплитуды суточного хода температуры, за счет асимметрии трендов экстремальных температур более заметное в крупных городах. Рост MIN -- более быстрый в городах -- объясняется повышением содержания парниковых газов в атмосфере, снижение MAX в теплое время года связывается с аэрозольным загрязнением, большим в городах, более сложная динамика MAX зимой объясняется влиянием изменения альбедо. Демпфирующее воздействие аэрозолей приводит к уменьшению дневных температур в теплое время года и, как следствие, к отсутствию потепления климата в указанный сезон, которое могло бы произойти в результате роста концентрации в атмосфере парниковых газов.
A.A. Savastenko
Inter-State Ecological Council In Action. p. 137
S.V. Bogdanov, B.E. Pakhomchik
To the Activity of Ecological Commission of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus For 1996. pp. 138--139
L.M. Yaroshevich
Scientific-Organizing Activity of the Scientific Council of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus on the Biosphere Problems in 1996. pp. 140--141
Dissertations Assessment. Защиты диссертаций pp. 142--143
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