(Prirodnye Resursy)
Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
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NATURAL RESOURCES (Prirodnye Resursy) Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus |
Summary: Ecological state of soil blanket in Belarus of speeding up exploration for the development of mineral resources must be created and fulfilled in order to elaborate state conseption of mineral resources. The land area of the Republic of Belarus is limited, and the development of one branch of economy inevitably, collides with the interests of another, which leads to the redistribution of land resources. For almost 30 years (1965--1993) agricultural lands tend to decrease their area -- almost by 1.5 hectares.As a result, the area of agricultural land per one inhabitant of the Republic reduced from 1.15 to 0.91 hectare, and the arable land -- from 0.74 to 0.59 hectare. The tendency is observed in the Republic towards the increase of keen land volume, which is the most vulnerable ecological factor. The study of the soil blanket shows that the intensification of human technological influence upon the soil blanket causes activisation of anthropogenic evaluation of soil. At present eroded soil and those in erosional hazard amount to 1.7 m hectares or 30% of the arable. Besides, soil, affected by wind erosion accounts for 440 thousand hectares (8 percent). While intensification of agricultural industry carried out in 1970--90-th by introduction of chemotechnogenic system of agriculture enabled it to inprove soil fertility and to increase productivity of crops, it had a significant negative effect on the ecological state of the environment and primarily on the soil which links all components of the biosphere. Thus, in 1990 more than 488 thousand tns of nitrogen were applied into Belarussian soils, 370 thousand tns of them or more than 75 percent were applied for cereal crops, tillage crops, annual grasses and flax, nitrogen absorption coefficient of which hardly amounts to 40 percent. Direct losses of nitrogen approached 180 thousand tns, 100 th. of them are carried away with draining waters. Due to the Chernobyl accident a necessity appeared to limit radically various pollutants agriculrtural chemicals including. In such a situation a decision can only be found int ttransition to adaptive (integrated) agriculture, including biologisation and ecologisation of intensification processes in agro-ecosystems and agrolandscapes, more complete mobilization of the adaptive potential of the most important components of agrobiogeocenoses.
Резюме: Дана подробная характеристика современного экологического состояния почвенного покрова Республики Беларусь. Обобщены данные о динамике изменений площадей под различными угодьями, в том числе мелиорированными за 30-летний период. Рассматриваются особенности почвенного покрова и его трансформации под воздействием эрозионно-техногенных процессов, мелиорации и химизации. Анализируется ущерб, нанесенный почвенному покрову республики в результате аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС. Предлагаются перспективные пути сохранения и улучшения экологического состояния почвенного покрова.
A.A. Meyerovskiy, V.M. Fedenya, V.I. Matveyeva
To the assessment of the ecological condition of soil and land resources of the Republic of Belarus. pp. 16--19
Summary: In this article the author's concept of Belarussian lands and soils monitoring is stated. It is marked that soils are exposed to a significant anthropogenic impact as a result of geographical situation, economic activity and natural feature›s of the territory. The structure and degree of this imp›act are determined mainly by a specific character and economic activity intensity. The existing soils monitoring solves narrow departmental tasks, hard to be generalized due to various methodical approaches, and it does not give the idea of lands ecological conditions. Besides, a number of vital territories (lands of private sector, recreation zones near towns, military sites, etc.) are not investigated at all. The authors consider it necessary to execute in the Republic of Belarus ecological monitoring of lands and soils accounting the existing pollution sources, as it is practiced in Lithuania, Poland and Germany.The authors also offer a series of regulations, which the monitoring program have to demonstrate.
Резюме: В статье рассмотрена проблема загрязнения почв Республики Беларусь тяжелыми металлами. Отмечается дифференциация его с учетом специфики производств. Наибольшему загрязнению подвержен почвенный покров городских территорий, что обусловлено промышленными производствами и транспортом. Сельскохозяйственные угодья в меньшей степени, но также подвержены этому виду загрязнения. Основным источником накопления тяжелых металлов в этих условиях являются средства химизации. Авторы считают, что загрязнение почв тяжелыми металлами является одним из наиболее опасных явлений для окружающей среды и считают необходимым проведения тщательного контроля за его состоянием. Ими разработана и предложена нормативная база по оценке состояния загрязнения почвенного покрова тяжелыми металлами с учетом геохимических особенностей почвообразующих пород Республики Беларусь.
N.N. Petukhova, V.M. Fedenya, V.I. Matveyeva
The assessment of Republic of Belarus' soil contamination with heavy metals. pp. 20--23
Summary: In this article the problem of Belarusian soil pollution ith heavy metals is considered. The difference of the pollution exists due to the specific character of production. Urban territories soils are exposed to the greatest pollution, caused by great influence of industrial production and transport. Agricultural soils are also subjects of pollution, caused by heavy metals but in smaller than urban territories degree. The main source of accumulation of heavy metals in rural conditions is the application of chemicals in agriculture. In the authors' opinion, the pollution of soils with heavy metals is one of the most dangerous phenomenon for the environment and therefore it is necessary to execute carefull monitoring of the environmental conditions. The normative base on valuation of soil pollution with heavy metals, considering geochemical features of soil-generating rocks of Belarus is suggested and elaborated in this article.
Резюме: Рассмотрены специфика загрязнения почвенного покрова территории Республики Беларусь тяжелыми металлами, состояние мониторинга, разработана и предложена нормативная база по оценке степени загрязнения почв с учетом геохимических особенностей почвообразующих пород.
Summary: Surface and underground water, as well as the atmospheric moisture form the dynamic hydrological cycle of the planet, which also incorporates the process of water resources utilization for different purposes. The stock of surface water sources of Bielarus includes 20800 rivers; 10800 lakes; 1500 ponds and more than 140 water reservoirs. Natural water resources are estimated by the average of many years of the annual replacing of their loss. The real infiltration feed of underground water, expressed in the modulus of flow varies over the republic territory from 4.6 l/sec to 0.5 l/sec. The distribution of natural river resources and exploited storage over river basins and administrative regions is presented in the tables. The republic renewing storage of surface and underground waters is quite sufficient for various need. Water deficiency may be only local as a result of the concentration of consumers, local resources being limited. The most acute is the problem of aintenance of the water resources quality, since its impairment is marked in all regions. The surface and underground waters quality isn't constantly or periodically consistent to normal almost everywhere in the republic. The most characteristic kinds of pollution have been determined. Considerable changements of the underground waters quality ccur near water intakes (which is very typical) and different economic installations, sources of fouling. The recommendations of the UPO Conference on the problems of the environmental control have not been completely executed in the Republic. Some measures have been proposed which don't require heavy expenses and can help the optimization of water utilization and conservation.
Резюме: Дана характеристика условий формирования, состояния и использования для различных хозяйственных нужд ресурсов поверхностных и подземных вод территории Республики Беларусь. Предлагаются мероприятия по оптимизации водохозяйственной и водоохранной деятельности.
B.M. Fashchevsky
Computation of ecologically admissible change of the characteristics of the Belarusian rivers water regime. pp. 30--35
Summary: Water is a vital ecological factor, ensuraing organic life both over land and in water bodies.The biochemical and physico-chemical processes in nature are impossible without water. Therefore, river flow is considered to be a decisive factor in the formation of aquatic and subaquatic systems. The river flow and its relevant regime, thermal, gas and ice conditions as well as the behaviour of suspended, dissolved and entailed solids together form aquatic and subaquatic ecosystems.At the same time, the river flow can be a power production source, municipal water use, etc. Large-scale amelioration activities, i.e. the construction of open drains, dense drainage net works, lockage systems and reservoirs, river channels straightening and diving causes uncontrollable changes in water regime and result, break the century-old interrelations between the animate and inanimate components of the nature. Thus, there appeared a need to assess admissible ecological water regime in the years of different water frequences which are caracterised by the spring flood volume, duration of a floodplain inundation and storm floods, water discharges during summer and winter low-flow periods. River levels, contingent on river-flows, determine flood-plain inundation death, water-spreading and the extent of sprawing grands. In this paper levels of computation of ecologically admissible changes of discharge of water levelsand water-levels in different flowprobability years (25, 50, 75 and 95 frequency) are considered on the example of major rivers of Belarus: the Zapadnaya Dvina, Dniper, Sozh, Pripyat, Neman, Berezina, Mukhavets.
Резюме: В статье рассмотрены методы расчета экологически допустимых изменений расходов и уровней воды в годы различной обеспеченности для главных рек Беларуси. Даны рекомендации по расчету характеристик экологического стока в неизученных створах для всех речных бассейнов Республики Беларусь.
Summary: The purpose of this work was to give the assessment of thermal-probability of stubbly period for growing crucifer crops (spring rape and oil-bearing radish) on the territory of Belarus and choose regions for advisable and risky growing of these crops. On the basis of theoretical calculations they have determined resources and duration of stubbly period from harvesting winter crops to the end of vegetation stubbly crops. They have calculated the most late time sowing of crops mentioned, when in 8 years of 10 (probability 80%) one can expect the highest possible yield for this period. The carried out investigations promoted to the increasing efficiency of agricultural production of the Republic, allowed to choose regions for advisable and risky growing of stubbly crops on the territory of Belarus.
Резюме: Цель работы -- оценить теплообеспеченность пожнивного периода (от уборки озимых до конца вегетации пожнивных культур) для выращивания крестоцветных культур (ярового рапса и редьки масличной) на территории Беларуси и выделить районы целесообразного и рискованною возделывания этих культур в пожнивных посевах. В результате исследований определены термические ресурсы периода от уборки озимых до конца вегетации пожнивных культур, продолжительность пожнивного периода, а также выделены районы целесообразного и рискованного возделывания пожнивных культур на территории Беларуси.
Summary: The structure, present state and use of natural timber resources formed in 7.4 mln ha forest-covered area has been considered in the article. These resources are represented by arboreous and various non-arboreous forest resources. The arboreous resources make up their principal share. The reserves and correlationships of separate fractions of phytomass for forests and basic forest formations in Belarus have been determined on the basis of balance weight method and the results of several years research. The total biological reserve of forest wood is estimated in 899.7 mln tons, including 756.1 mln tons (84%) of the surface part of phytomass, and 143.7 mln tons (16%) -- the underground part. The conifers (70.7%) and small-leaf forests (25.5%) prevail. The annual operational arboreous resources are estimated in 7.5 mln tons, including the cut-down and alienable part -- 64.7 %, non-used phytomass -- 35.3% ( with surface part of 20.5% and undeground part -- 14.8% of the latter). The non-arboreous resources are represented by growing wild berries and fruit, edible mushrooms, reserves of herbs, resources of wood chemical and food raw materials of tapping production, hydrolytic and technological raw materials. Their biological reserves, processing and use for the last 40--50 years have been analyzed.It has been revealed, that the actual layings-in made up only 8--12% of their biological reserves, while the tapping products were used for 14--25%. Consequently,the national economy of Belarus suffers immense annual losses. Specific measures are necessary to enhance the efficient use of these valuable natural resources.
Резюме: Впервые анализируются структура, современное состояние и использование лесных ресурсов Беларуси. На основе балансово-весового метода определены фитомасса древесных ресурсов, ее фракционный состав и соотношение отдельных фракций в ее формировании. Показаны запасы и фактическое использование за последние 40 -- 50 лет различных недревесных ресурсов леса (пищевые ягоды, плоды, грибы, лекарственные травы, лесохимическое сырье и др.). Установлено, что фактическое их использование составляет лишь 8 -- 25% от биологических запасов.
Y.A. Sidorovich, N.M. Arabei, K.D. Chubanov
Digression of alive ground cover of pine forests in the areas affected by major industrial centers of Belarus. pp. 55--61
Summary: Species composition, abundance, cover and distribution in groups of ecological adaptation of herbaceous-fruticulose, semifruticulose plants and ground mosses have been studied in more than 40 permanent testing areas set up Pinetum pleuroziosum of II-IV age classes in the areas affected by Minsk and other regional centers of Belarus, located in the vicinity of Novopolotsk, Lukomlskaya power plant, Mozyr oil refinery as well as testing sites of Berezinski biosphere reserve, Nalibokskaya pushcha and Oktyabrski forestry of Gomel region. Four stages of digression are identified that are experienced by pine phytocenosis in this or that area affected by industrials centers or in testing sites.
Резюме: В сосновых лесах (в основном мшистых типов), которые находятся в окрестностях девяти крупных промышленных центров Беларуси, а также на значительном расстоянии от них (некоторые заповедные территории и др.) исследована дигрессивная трансформация живого напочвенного покрова в связи с антропогенным влиянием. Выделены четыре стадии дигрессии, обусловленные тем или иным уровнем антропогенного воздействия (главным образом рекреационным прессом и техногенным загрязнением природной среды).
Summary: In the article peat resources are viewed to be practically non-restorable natiral complexes of great biological prodactivity.Their role in the control of biosphere and processes of local climate formation is great. Especially emphasized is the necessity of modern peat mining and processing technologies creation in biospherically compatible regimes. Peat composition and properties, characteristic features of its organic matter provide for the production of wide range of produce and materials to be applied in farming, fuel-energy complexes, machine-construction, chemical technology, medicine, houshold chemistry and help cope with many problems in the sphere of nature environment protection. The description and specification of some chemical and thermal peat processing products are given in the article, defined by the development degree of spatial and over-molecular structures, hydrophility sorbtion and non-exchange ability of its basic organic matter compounds groups. To assess the heat-mass processes in peat systems, the elements of moisture and ion-exchange mechanism are considered under various external conditions and a series of installations and equipment has been created to be used for complex study and simulation of heat-mass transfer and physical-mechanical properties of peats under freezing and melting of peat systems. The reported in the article modern views on peat structure and properties are used in practice to develop new technologies and equipment on mining and processing of peat deposits.
Резюме: В статье приведены результаты научно-исследовательских и опытно-конструкторских работ по оценке основных свойств торфа и торфяных месторождений с определением направлений использования торфяных ресурсов, охраны окружающей среды и получения разнообразных новых продуктов и материалов.
A.V. Matveyev, P.Z. Khomich, V.M. Podolyako, A.A. Makhnach
Mineral resources of Belarus and some problems of their utilization. pp. 74--80
Summary: About 4,000 various mineral deposits are known within the territory of Belarus. All kinds of mineral resources of the Republic can be subdivided into two groups. The first group includes oil, potash and rock salt, dolomite, building materials, peat, sapropel, fresh and mineral undeground water. This group of mineral deposits are being utilized or have been already prepared for use.The second group embraces iron ore, rare and precious metals, dawsonite, fuel shales,coal, phosphorits, gypsum, kaolin, subsurface brines, etc. Prospecting and exploration work is needed to evaluate the industrial importance of these group deposits. A contradiction between the wide list of mineral resources found out within the territory of Belarus and the opinion about its povetry with undeground raw materials is a result of the relatively llow level of their utilization. The Programme of the bowels use in addition to the programme of speeding up prospecting and exploration for the development of mineral resources must be fulfilled in order to elaborate a state conception of mineral resources utilization in the Republic of Belarus.
Резюме: Приводятся сведения о состоянии и перспективах развития минерально-сырьевой базы Беларуси. Показано, что сложившееся мнение о бедности страны полезными ископаемыми не соответствует действительности. Обоснована необходимость подготовки и реализации Программы освоения недр, целью которой должна стать разработка государственной концепции использования минеральных ресурсов республики.
G.D. Streltsova
Rare elements in coal deposits of the Pripyat Trough. pp. 81--88
Summary: The chemical composition of coal ashes from different age coal deposits of some coalfield of the Pripyat Trough has been investigated. The distribution parameters of rare earth and twenty other trace elements in the studied deposites have benn calculated. Trace element distribution features in coal deposits of different lithologic compositions, ages, and locations have been recognized.The higher rare earth and trace element concentrations have been found out in coal from Carboniferous deposits within the Lelchitsy area, as well as in coals with ash content ranging from 30% to 70%. The type variety of rare earth relations in the studied deposits could be caused by specific composition and hydrodynamic conditions of surface and ground waters supplying peat bogs, as well as by a disctance from provenances, by lithologic composition of coal deposits and bed infiltration process development within the studied deposits.
Резюме: Исследован химический состав золы углей некоторых угленосных разрезов Припятского прогиба. Анализ полученных данных выявил особенности распределения редкоземельных и других редких элементов в углях разного вещественного состава (зольности), возраста и месторасположения. Установлены закономерности размещения редкометалльных и редкоземельных концентраций и факторы, определяющие накопление этих элементов в изученных угленосных отложениях.
I.V. Naidenkov, Yu.A. Derevyankin, A.A. Arkhipova, L.F. Derevyankina, N.A. Kozhemyakina
The perspective evaluation of the Okolovo iron ore deposit for accompanying useful elements. pp. 89--97
Summary: The paper discusses the necessity of a comprehensive study of the composition of Okolovo ironstone at all the prospecting stages. Data on the chemical and microelement composition of the deposit, as well as on microelement content of the main ore mineral (magnetite) suggest at even this stage of study some admixture elements as possible useful components. Firstly this is gold, which is highly typical for similar deposits. In ores of the Okolovo deposit gold is associated with the later sulfide mineralization and occurs in two forms: the first one is finely dispersed gold, which is responsible for the main geochemical background of an element, the second - selectively concentrated gold, which determines individual anomalous concentrations (up to 3.7 g/t). It is also possible to extract phosphorus from apatite, found in ores (quantity of apatite in ores ranges from 0.77 to 1.16%). Iron ore tailings that are usually accumulated in abundance when deposit is worked out may be used for production of cement, facing glass, paints, paving materials etc. The characteristic property of the Okolovo deposit ores is their common depletion in almost all the admixture elements. So, these may be considered as good raw material for specialty steelmaking (ex. gr., transformer steel). Thus, during the prospection of a deposit it is necessary to give special attention to the possibility of a complex use of ores. Therefore, it may be advantageous to define more precisely the distribution of gold, phosphorus and other admixture elements (including silver and germanium) in ores. Their extraction from ores will increase the economical feasibility of the deposit mining and will provide the economy of Belarus with new important minerals. The possibility of the wastes utilization should be also considered, as it will save large areas of valuable plowing lands from waste stockpiling. It will also contribute to the protection of the ecological conditions around the deposit mining.
Резюме: Анализ содержания микроэлементов в рудах Околовского месторождения дает основание рассматривать в качестве сопутствующих компонентов такие элементы, как фосфор, находящийся в апатите, и золото, ассоциирующее с наложенной сульфидной минерализацией. Из-за общей обедненности железных руд элементами-примесями руды могут использоваться как сырье для выплавки специальных сортов стали (прежде всего, трансформаторной). Хвосты обогащения железных руд, которые обычно накапливаются в большом количестве в отвалах, могут применяться в качестве строительных материалов, что снимет проблему их складирования и значительно улучшит экологическую обстановку в районе месторождения. Комплексное изучение руд позволяет определить их истинную ценность и повысить рентабельность отработки месторождения.
Summary: The advantages of the technology for the production of Bakanced Organic Fertilizers based on Peat, Sapropel, Manure and some special additives have been discussed. The technology is aimed at solving of the cattle breeding wastes utilization problem.The introduction of the technology gives the possibility to reduce essentially peat ratio in the organic peat-manure mixtures due to the special technological manure treatment and sapropel introduction into the mixture. The work-shop technological possibilities are rather flexible to produce different kinds of organic fertilizers and other materials (accounting the soil-climatic conditions and biological plant requirements). Production capacity of one work-shop varies from 10 to 80 thousand tons per year and depends on the volume of the cattle excrements which are to be utilized. New organic fertilizers are characterized by the balanced nutrient contents and high efficiency enabling it to reach 30 -- 50% of their doses application reduction in comparison with the ttraditional peat-manure composts.
Резюме: Механизированная технология предназначена для приготовления новых видов сбалансированных органических удобрений на основе частично обезвоженных навозных стоков, использования сапропеля и других добавок при минимизации расходов торфа. Предусмотрена возможность управления биохимическими процессами, что снижает потери органического вещества и азота в процессе компостирования смесей.
G.V. Naumova, N.A. Zhmakova, T.F. Ovchinnikova, N.L. Makarova, I.V. Klyauzzer, G.I. Luchina, T.S. Rakhteyenko, V.N. Chuduk
Resource-saving ecologically save biologically active peat-based preparations production and efficiency of their application in agriculture. pp. 101--106
Summary: Peat is considered as a young organogenic matter, reach with biologically active compounds, being in the conditions of Belarus widely expanded natural resource. Therefore, within the last decades peat deposits are being explored intesively, what requires effective resource saving technologies creation of its future utilization. At the Institute for Problems of Natural Recourcers Use and Ecology of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, a new ecologically save, based on peat efficient plant grow stimulators "Oxihumate" and "Hydrohumate", possessing stable physico-chemical features and chemical comoposition has been worked out. The technology process of modern humic preparations is based on "mild" peat destruction regime, thus making it possible to obtain biologically active produce with high natural-like result (till 80% OM) They have no negative impact upon live organisms and environment. Application of the preparations reults in grain yield augmentation by 10--15%, vegetables and potatoes by 15--30%, green fodder mass till 40%. Stable impact of the preparations reflects positively upon the plant-growing quality: the content of starch in potatoe tubers increases, vegetables and green produce become reach in vitamines while the level of nitrate nitrogen decreases paralelly, the amount of gluten and indespensable aminoacids enhances. Modern biologically active preparations, produced according to the ecologically resource aving technology, can be applied both independently and together with the pesticides and also in the composition of new mineral fertilizers types, what makes it possible to contribute greatly in the decision of the reduction of a chemical press on a soil, plants, ponds.
Резюме: В настоящей статье освещены вопросы, связанные с разработкой технологических приемов получения экологобезопасных регуляторов роста гуминовой природы из местного ископаемого сырья -- торфа. Приведены результаты их многолетних испытаний в растениеводстве. Отмечено положительное влияние новых препаратов на урожайность культур и качество растениеводческой продукции.
P.P. Olodovski
To the theory of radionuclides and heavy metals transfer inhibition from soil to plants. pp. 107--118
Summary: The proposed work is devoted to the problems of producing ecologically clean food products on the lands, contaminated with radionuclides ofr heavy metals.This technology is based on the application of burnt lime had phosphogypsum on the soil. The article defines the ameliorant impact on the soil and plants, gives ground for the model of the conventional-diffusional transfer of the nutrition elements from the soil into plants, shows the results of the experiments,defining the iron-diffusion factor, decreasing during the application of burnt lime and phosphogypsum. The analytical solutions have been received to define the ion movement linear velocity on the plant root surface and the calculation of changes in caesium-137, strontion-90, cadmium, lead, potassium transfer from the soil into plants under the influence of the applied ameliorant (burnt lime and phosphogypsum) has been fulfilled. It has been defined, that ameliorant application on the sandy-loam soil reduces caesium-137, strontion-90 transfer into the green mass from 4 to 5 times, cadmium -- two times, lead -- by 10%, and increased the potassium transfer by 30%. The transfer reduction of these elements in the heavy soil is expected to be even more significant.
Резюме: Дана характеристика воздействия мелиоранта на почву и растения. Обоснована модель конвективно-диффузионного переноса элементов питания из почвы в растения. Приведены экспериментальные результаты, определяющие снижение коэффициентов диффузии ионов в почве при внесении мелиоранта. Получены аналитические решения для определения линейной скорости движения иона на поверхности корня растений. Определены относительные расчетные значения и экспериментальные величины количества радионуклида (или другого иона), поступившего из почвы в растения.
Summary: The mires possess the irreplaceable and replaceable biospherical functions. The irreplaceable functions are accumulative, biological and between circulation. The replaceable functions are gasregulative, geochemical, hidrological and climatical. The mires carry out the cultural-recreative, resource-raw-material and information-historicail functions in the society. The functions of the mires display themsalves on the cosmic, global, regional, local and objective levels. It should proceed from the principles of the irreplaceability of the mires and the display of thier functions on the global and regional levels in order to make the choice of the peatlands for melioration, peat winning and the directions of using of areas after peat winning.
Резюме: Разработана классификация функций болот в природе и обществе. Выделены группы незаменимых и заменимых функций, которые проявляются на глобальном и региональном уровнях. Незаменимость и масштабность проявления функций болот следует учитывать при выборе торфяных месторождений для мелиорации, промышленной разработки и направлений использования их выработанных площадей.
A.S. Kalinovich, V. Loginova, V.M. Fedenya, R.A. Yurevich
The use of recreation potential of Mogilyov district. pp. 124--128
Summary: The strenghtening of human health is possible only with condition of expansion of use of recreational conditions in place of residing. Mogilyev region was used as example of development of recreational activity. The favorable period from the point of view personal physiological status for various types of weather in Mogilyev region is five-six months per year for summer recreation. Tributaries of rivers Svisloch, Beresina and Ptich are most favorable for rest. The rivers Druth, Vedrich, Iputh, Besed are relatively favorable and are suitable for selective use. At present the most pure water objects are rivers Sushanka, Vihra, Porositsa, Dzadunka. Rivers Dnepr on site Shklov--Bykhov, Pronya, Dokolka are moderately polluted. The use of water reservoirs can be provided with realization of extra control. The series of memorable and remarkable places are situated in Mogilyev region. As a whole the preconditions for creations of recreational zones are present in Mogilyev region. At present in considered territory there are the network territorial recreational systems of medical, sanitary and until recently cognitive-excurtional types. The general number of resting in establishments of rest is about 5% of population. The accounting of parametre of relative recreational use has allowed to attribute this region to territories with insufficient use of recreational potential. However, the use of recreational potential is limited in connection with radioactive contamination of the territory. The most suitable territories for recreational use are western, northern and eastern part of the region.
Резюме: В статье оценено рекреационное значение территории (на примере Могилевской области) и приведены требования к рекреации с точки зрения климатических, аква-территориальных, познавательных ценностей территории, рассмотрены также сдерживающие факторы развития рекреации. Освещены рекреационная деятельность и освоенность территории. Обоснована необходимость развития рекреации с точки зрения нагрузки на территорию.
N.A. Lysukho
Some aspects of a problem of storage and landfilling of industrial and consumption wastes in the Republic of Belarus. pp. 129--134
Summary: In 1995 BeLRC " Ecology" conducted the expertise of sites, designed for storing and landfilling of industrial and consumption wastes ( zones for solid domestic wastes and zones for slime storage, industrial dumps) in order to find out general ecological state for the units. Results of the work are as follows: (i) In the Republic of Belarus 160 zones of solid domestic wastes were registered (SDW) and 80 objects of industrial wastes -- 240 units in all. Area of the lands, engaged with zones of SDW is 972 hectares, under the objects with industrial wastes (without dump sites and slime storage of Production Amalgamation "Belaruskaliy") -- 634 hectares. (ii) Nature proterction facilities are situated at 97zones of SDW and 59 objects with industrial wastes. (iii) Single, seldom systematic control of the environment state ( generally -- quality of undeground waters ) is conducted at 70 zones of SDW 47 objects with industrial wastes. (iv) 92 zones of SDW and 72 objects of industrial wastes conform to the geological and hydrogeological indices to the normative requirements. Wastes are used for damaged lands recultivation after the minerals extraction-quarries. 80 quarries are being filled with SDW and industrial wastes. To-date for the Republic of Belarus in general 26.6% of the wastes units only can be viewed as ecologically safe. On the other 73.4 units it is obligatory to carry out special ecologically directed researches and actions in order to reduce their impact on the environment.
Резюме: В стране насчитывается более 240 объектов по хранению (захоронению) отходов производства и потребления, которые занимают территорию около 1,6 тыс. га. Из них только 26,6% отвечают основным нормативным требованиям по технологии эксплуатации, обустройству и геологическим параметрам, а следовательно оказывают минимальное воздействие на окружающую среду. В 98 случаях отходы захораниваются в выработанных карьерах и таким образом используются для рекультивации нарушенных земель.
Summary: The subjectivity and superiority of the economy above the ecology are main defects of the concept of the rational use of the natural resources. The realization of this concept to the utilization of the peat lands has already resulted to the destabilization of the biospherical processes and unreversable negative consequences on many peat lands. The concept of the biospherical compatible exploitation of natural resources is based on the criterions of the accordinance of the human activity to the objective biospherical processes. The superiority of the ecological importance above the economic one is the main principle of this concept. The restoration of all biospherical functions of the peat lands after peat excavation is the obligatory principle of the biospherical compatible use of the peat lands.
Резюме: Главными недостатками концепции рационального природопользования являются субъективность и примат экономико-хозяйственной значимости объектов природопользования над их экологической значимостью. Реализация этой концепции применительно к использованию торфяных месторождений привела к дестабилизации биосферных процессов и необратимым негативным последствиям на многих объектах. Концепция биосферно-совместимого природопользования, в отличие от концепции рационального природопользования, базируется не на субъективных суждениях, а на критериях соответствия коллективной целенаправленной деятельности людей объективным биосферным процессам, а ее главным принципам является примат экологической значимости объектов природопользования над экономико-хозяйственной значимостью. Применительно к разработке торфяных месторождений обязательным принципом биосферно-совместимого природопользования является восстановление всех биосферных функций болот после завершения добычи торфа.
V.S. Usenko -- 65-th Anniversary. p. 145
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V.N. Pluzhnikov -- 65-th Anniversary. p. 146
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