(Prirodnye Resursy. Природные ресурсы)
Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
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NATURAL RESOURCES (Prirodnye Resursy. Природные ресурсы) Published by The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus & The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus |
Summary: Current state of the peat fund, its structure, directions and principles of use has been examined. Nature protecting, agricultural, exploitation, spare peat funds and undistributed part of peat resources has been analysed in the paper. Substantial redistribution of peat lands and peat resources according to the directions of their use has been suggested taking into account features of the Belarusian peat lands and needs of the national economy. The concept of scientifically grounded and biosphere compatible use of natural resources of peat lands is suggested as a promising approach to their use. The problem of exhausted peat lands use is discussed. Ecological rehabilitation including restoration of bog and peat forming processes, as well as all biosphere functions of natural peat lands is suggested as one of the main directions of such areas reuse.
Резюме: В статье представлено распределение торфяных месторождений по территории республики; проанализированы современная структура, направления и принципы использования торфяного фонда; обосновано перспективное перераспределение и использование целевых фондов с учетом особенностей белорусских болот и потребностей народного хозяйства.
Summary: Diverse and scale anthropogenic changes of the environment threaten the existence of vegetation communities, including unique. Boggy, marshy and waste (first of all grassy phytocoenoses) disappear irrevocably under the influence of drainage, industrial and other construction in many regions of Belarus and Europe. Therefore national, European and global estimations of biodiversity of vegetation is necessary not on organism or population level, but on phytocoenosis and ecosystem level. Syntaxonomic system of communities can be used as the scientific and practical basis for estimation of biodiversity and for organization of protection and rational use of vegetation cover. The system of strictly verified collaterally subordinated units developed by the author using 1. Braun-Blanquel methods and integrated approach enables to carry out the inventory of grassy vegetation of Belarus, determine the degree of territorial distribution and rarity of communities. 38 rare for Belarus grassy communities which are endangered now were determined: Agrostietum vinealis, Beckmannietum eruciformis, Calamagrostidetum epigeji koelerietosum cristatae, C. E. Scirpoidetosum holoschoeni, Caricetum distichae, Caricetum echinatae, Caricetum juncellae, Caricetum lasiocarpae haeothryonetosum alpini, Caricetum paniceae caricetosum hartmanii, Eleocharidetum uniglumis, Eriophoretum polyslachii caricetosum dioicae, Festucelum polesicae and others. Brief description is given of these, as well as less rare and unique communities (with indication of their habitat) recommended for inclusion into the Green book of the Republic of Belarus, the importance of its publication increases annually. A number of proposals on protection, optimization and rational use of natural grassy vegetation is given. Representative network of state specialized meadow reserves is developed. This network reflects major regional peculiarities of grassy communities of Belarus.
Резюме: Упершыню на аснове сінтаксанаміі ацэнена біялагічная разнастайнасць прыроднай травяністай расліннасці Беларусі. Вылучаны рэдкія і унікальныя згуртаванні, прапанаваныя для ўключэння ў 3ялёную кнігу краіны, актуальнасць выдання якой узрастае. Распрацавана рэпрэзентацыйная сетка ахоўных лугавых экасістэм.
Summary: There are two main problems related to water management in the Upper Narew catchment: it is necessary lo increase water resources for supplying the town of Byalystok and increase moisture content of organic soils in the river valleys which were drained for agricultural purposes (irrigation of grassland and reduction of degradation of peat soils). The water reservoir Siemianowka has been constructed for these purposes. It became possible to improve water conditions along the Narew valley including the Narew National Park. However, the problems of wafer supply for the town of Byalystok and improving water quality in the tributaries of Narew river are not yet solved. It is believed that it is necessary to increase the potential abilities of water retention of small rivers. The studies and approximate calculations carried out show that such measures as increase of swampy areas, the number of water pools and small water reservoirs, damming up of eroded rivers and canals, improvement of soil structure, regulation of outflows from drainage systems, etc. can significantly increase water supply for both the environment and economic and
Резюме: В работе представлены обоснования и пути развития водного хозяйства в бассейне Верхнего Нарева. Обеспечение устойчивого развития этого региона требует особенной заботы о сохранности водных ресурсов. Необходимым является увеличение запасов воды хорошего качества для нужд коммунального хозяйства и промышленности. Существенным потребителем воды является сама природная среда. Это в особенности касается обеспечения соответствующего количества воды. необходимой для предотвращения процессов деградирования торфяников, осушенных для нужд сельского хозяйства.
Chizhikov Yu.A.
Peculiarities ot Floods on Rivers in Belarus. pp. 34--42
Summary: Based о the data of the State Commitee on hydrometeorology of Belarus and published materials, peculiarities of floods origin and development on the main rivers of Belarus were considered. Extreme rises of river water occur due to either spring floods or during abundant rains. A term "hazardous flood" is suggested. It means such phases of rivers hydrological regime, when abrupt water level rise leads to inundation of vast areas. Flood causing factors have been analyzed. They are: precipitation rate, thickness of snow cover, water supply in snow, air and soil temperatures, humidity and freezing rate of ground, features of basins relief and river valleys structure, amelioration state of the area and so on. It has been shown that the duration of floads depends not only on climatic conditions of the region but also on morphometric features as well as on human impact: on basin area (R2 = 0.88), basin width (R2 = 0.83), basin length (R2 = 0.84), on valley width (R2 = 0.64), on channel gradient (R2 = 0.71), on river length (R2 = 0.57) and to a less extent on meandering coefficient (r = 0.46), on the share of arable lands (r = -0.49). Examples of climatic situation and hydrological indices during extreme spring floods in Prypyat basin rivers (1970, 1976, 1993) as well as during abnormally high rain flood in 1974 are given.
Резюме: На основании данных Государственного комитета по гидрометеорологии Республики Беларусь и опубликованных материалов, рассмотрены особенности возникновения и развития половодий и паводков (в том числе катастрофических) на основных реках Беларуси. Определено явление "катастрофическое наводнение". Анализировались факторы, способствующие формированию наводнений. Показано, что продолжительность половодий при прочих необходимых условиях зависит от площади, ширины и длины водосбора, ширины речной долины, уклона русла, длины водотока и в меньшей степени -- от распаханности водосбора и коэффициентов меандрирования.
Summary: A number of issues related to the development of purposes, functional tasks and specific management aspects of nature use and nature protection in the Republic of Belarus has been considered as well as the methodology of successive implementation of all stages of decision making concerning nature use management and nature protection activity. Methods for the solution of formalized and nonformalized functional tasks in the conditions of risk and uncertainties have been regarded. A system of analytical equations lo formalize typical monofactor tasks related to account, control and analysis of the ecological state of industrial sites as sources of pollution of major nature media, soil cover, atmospheric air and water objects has been suggested. The mathematical solution methods of multifactor, multilevel and multipurpose functional tasks in various nature management areas, as well as the use for this purpose of expert assessment based on experts team opinion have been considered and analyzed. The concept of application of ecological state indicators of nature objects widely used in world practice to control the state of the latter has been regarded.
Резюме: В статье изложены методы формализации функциональных задач в области управления природопользованием и охраной окружающей среды решаемых в условиях экологического риска и неопределенностей. дано описание системы аналитических уравнений для формализации типовых однофакторных задач по учету, контролю и анализу экологического состояния промышленных объектов и природных сред, рассмотрены принципы формализации многофакторных и многоуровневых задач.
Kochanovsky S.B., Voitov I.V., Vaneyeva I.P., Neverova T.A.
Methodology and Results of Economic Evaluation of the Damage Caused by the Atmosphere Pollution and Water Contamination. pp. 55--67
Summary: Evaluation of the environmental damage has considerable social and economic significance because if enables to compare social expenses for the support of the acceptable state of the environment and the damage actually caused by the national economy objects. Essentially, evaluation of the economic damage inflicted to the population, national economy objects, forests and arable lands as a result of the environment contamination was done in Belarus for the first time on the basis of adapted methods. In general, the total economic damage caused by the environment pollution accounted in 1998 25 900 bin. roubles (in prices of 1998) or 4% of GDP. This means that without active measures aimed at recovery of natural and resource potential the perspective of its complete degradation is inevitable. The structure of economic damage is the following: 54.4% is owing to the damage from water sources contamination, 45.6% -- air pollution: in the last figure 15.8% is owing to population, 10.6% --to communal service sector, 9.0% -- to OPPF, 8.5% -- to arable lands and 1.7% -- to forests. Unfortunately, it is necessary to note that the trend of GDP growth in the last years is lagging behind the rate of growth of the total economic damage. In 1996 the bulk of GDP increased by 11.4%, while the bulk. of damage -- by 14.8% and in 1998 compared to 1997: 8.3% and 28%, respectively. This shows the disturbing trend of decreasing the efficiency of nature protection measures, weak pollution control, increasing damage capacity of industry objects, insufficient efficiency of ecological payments.
Резюме: В статье обосновываются научно-методические подходы и раскрываются основные методические положения оценки экономического ущерба от загрязнения атмосферного воздуха и водных источников. Приводятся результаты оценки динамики экономического ущерба от загрязнения атмосферного воздуха, причиняемого населению, объектам жилищно-коммунального хозяйства, сельскохозяйственным и лесным угодьям, основным промышленно-производственным фондам в целом по Беларуси, областям и 10 крупным городам, а также от загрязнения водных источников в целом для страны, по областям и бассейнам рек.
Zhukova T.V., Ostapenya A.P.
Estimation of Efficiency ol Nature Protection Measures in Water Catchment Area of the Naroch Lakes. pp. 68--73
Summary: The restoration program of the 1980's included essential reconstruction of agriculture in the area of watershed. Nature protection measures have resulted in the reduction of external biogenic load. Phosphorus load for both periods was calculated by the indirect method taking into account different types of land use and nutrient loss coefficient derived in other studies. The external phosphorus load on the Naroch lakes ecosystem decreased from 8.20...25.20 t/yr to 3.92...10.99 t/yr. In the lake Naroch the reduction of load rates makes up 40...48%, in the lake Myastro -- 22...27% and in the lake Batorino -- 34...36%.
Резюме: Комплекс природоохранных мероприятий в регионе Нарочанских озер в 80-е годы привел к существенному снижению внешней биогенной нагрузки. Применение косвенного метода расчета фосфорной нагрузки, основанного на структуре водосборной территории при двух стратегиях природопользования, позволило количественно оценить эффективность природоохранных мер.
Romanovsky Ch.A.
Amelioration End Environmental Conditions of Belarusian Polesie: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. pp. 74--84
Summary: At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century amelioration of Belarusian Polesie and melioration as a whole has developed as a science direction. This process started with a scientific expedition to Polesie headed by the General of the Russian Amy I. I. Zhilinski. Since that time scientists tried to find most effective amelioration methods to improve the fertility of ameliorated peat soils. The article is about the historical development importance and ecologization of the amelioration science in Belarusian Polesie. The author assesses the rate of effectiveness of scientific amelioration methods, use of peat soils in agriculture, satisfaction of some methods to environmental requirements. A structural model of a system of complex researches is proposed. The model consists of the following elements: nature use, environment protection, social-economical conditions. The system approach is needed because the elements are in interdependence. Such researches can be presented as separate models at a taxon level of nature territorial complexes, •which have more or less uniform genetic structure within a taxonomic unit. The structure of the proposed model cannot be universal, but it must connect all the elements at a territorial level as a single whole. The realization of the model will help to develop programs of rational nature use and environment protection for the whole Polessian region and its separate nature territorial complexes.
Резюме: В статье рассматриваются вопросы становления со времени работы научной экспедиции под руководством генерала российской армии И. И. Жилинского (1873--1875 гг.) сегодняшнего состояния мелиоративных систем Белорусского Полесья, а также научных исследований в области мелиорации. Показаны уровень и масштабы исследований, значение и постепенная экологизация мелиоративной науки на разных исторических этапах. С учетом современного состояния почвенного покрова, ландшафтов, экологических и социально-экономических условий территории Полесской низины и требований со стороны охраны окружающей среды предлагается структурная модель комплексных исследований в Белорусском Полесье.
Potaev G.A.
Recreation Resources of Belarus: Current State, Problems and Perspectives ol Use. pp. 85--102
Summary: Main kinds and peculiarities of distribution of recreation resources of Belarus are represented in the article. They include natural (forest, water, climatic) and man made (cultural, historical and recreational) resources. As a result of the Chernobyl catastrophe and radioactive pollution of Belarus the area of recreation resources has decreased almost by 30%. Due to the growth of cities, urbanization development and environmental degradation, rational use of recreation resources becomes more and more important. There is not enough recreation zones in large city areas (Minsk, Brest, Grodno, Vitebsk). People from radioactively polluted areas (Gomel, Mogilyov, Mozyr, Zhlobin, Pinsk, Krichev, Zhitkovichy) have the most difficult living conditions. Proposals on the formation and development of recreation areas of national, regional and local level were worked out for the effective use of recreation resources of Belarus. Every system has its own tasks as a recreation unit. For the development of territorial recreation system of national level 0.7 million hectares of most valuable areas will be allocated, 0.5...0.7 and 0.7...0.9 million hectares of recreation territories -- for regional and local level systems, respectively.
Резюме: Рассмотрены основные виды и особенности размещения рекреационных ресурсов Беларуси, благоприятных для организации отдыха, оздоровления населения, туризма. Определены территории с дефицитом и избытком рекреационных ресурсов. Разработаны предложения по оптимизации использования рекреационных ресурсов Беларуси с учетом современной и перспективной потребности в них, градостроительных и экологических условий.
Kabushko A.M., Vermeyenko T.D.
Ecological and Economic Regulation in Belarus and Foreign Countries. pp. 103--111
Summary: In the last decades Belarus like many other countries in the world faced the necessity of immediate solution of ecological problems. It was caused by the development of economy without sufficient consideration of the principles of efficient nature use and disregard to the environment and nature protection which led to the nature pollution on a large scale, depletion of nature resources general degradation of the ecological situation in the world. The degradation of ecological situation in the world causes the objective necessity to alternate the economic and ecological situation. The solution of this problem in Belarus has a particular topicality because the country executes now market reforms directed towards the model of socially oriented economy. Now it has become evident that the ways of the efficient nature use and environment protection are closely interconnected because the economic growth must not be followed by the destruction and depletion of the environment. It is hardly possible to provide sustainable development of the state without taking into account these problems. The article examines the problems of nature use management and environment protection in Belarus and foreign countries. It considers current ecological situation in our republic, analyzes the normative and juridical basis of the nature use and environment protection in Belarus and foreign countries. The system of management which regulates these processes is given too. Particular attention is given to such methods of ecological and economic regulation as financing and motivation. The article develops critical analysis of their application in Belarus and foreign countries.
Резюме: Дана характеристика экологической ситуации в Республике Беларусь, рассмотрена законодательная база регулирования процессов природопользования и охраны окружающей среды. Приведены структура и функции органов управления природопользованием и охраной окружающей среды Беларуси и зарубежных стран. Характеризуются отдельные элементы системы эколого-экономического регулирования. Проанализирован опыт эколого-экономического регулирования в зарубежных странах.
Savchenko S.V., Golovatyi S.E., Savchenko V.V.
Conformity of Trace Element Distribution in Urban Territory Floodplain Ecosystems. pp. 112--119
Summary: The contamination of environment in industrial urban centers with heavy metals arises problem of integrated estimation of pollutant contents in different ecosystems. Rivers and their floodplains are the constituents of landscape where contamination of environment appears first and foremost. Investigation was fulfilled in Central Belarus on several rivers and their floodplains being under impact of 9 cities. Sampling methods included sampling of humus layer of soil which were from the main floodplain facieses. Samples have been taken up-stream (profiles in 15 km, 10 and 5 km),) downstream (profiles in 1, 3, 7, 15, 25 km) and inside of the city (3...7 profiles with a step of 0.5...1 km). The total content of Cr, V, Mn, Ti, Ni, Co, Сu, Zr, Pb, Ba, Be, Y, Yb, Nb, Sc, Mo, and Ag was analyzed by the means of atomic-emission spectromelry. Additionally mobile compounds of Cd, Ni, Cr, Сu, Zn, Co were evaluated as IM HCl extraction with an atomic-absorption ending. Floodplain ecosystems of Central Belarus are specified by important lithological and geochemical diversity related to both natural factors, firstly, a diversity of geochemical composition of covering deposits from catchment area and technogenic factors such as melioration of calchment area and floodplain, channeling river-beds, hydrological regulation, chemical pollution. Associations of contaminants in flood-plain soils are include such elements as Cr, Ni, Сu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ag, but all of them are in frames of natural variation and nowadays they are not dangerous for utilization of floodplain ecosystem for pastures. First of all technogeochemical impact of cities to floodplain soils appears in the increasing of mobile metal compounds. Analyzes of these compounds enables to determine the beginning of pollution and such investigation has a first priority in the monitoring of floodplains. Considering a relative "eternity" of heavy metals being in landscape, a high accumulative abilities of humus layer in alluvial soils, observed growth of man-induced metal flow from urban areas it could be predicted the increasing of contrasting and widening of polyelement anomalies in alluvial soils. Flood-plain ecosystems inside and in vicinity of urban areas need integrated land management and monitoring.
Резюме: Рассматривается специфика накопления токсикантов в пойменных почвах рек малых и средних городов. В задачи исследований входило выяснение с различным уровнем техногенной нагрузки, оценка геохимического состояния пойменных почв по сравнению с фоновыми показателями (Березинский биосферный заповедник), выявление потенциальных ассоциаций элементов-загрязнителей в пойменных почвах исследуемых рек. Оценка среднерегиональных концентраций микроэлементов в пойменных почвах Центральной Беларуси может использоваться для характеристики общих закономерностей распределения микроэлементов в пойменных экосистемах рек, подверженных влиянию промышленно-урбанизированных центров республики.
Summary: Definition of the direct task of ecological ordination is given as a computation procedure of ecological coordinates of the edaphotope corresponding to the phythocenosis specified by a list of species with their quantities in the accepted coordinate system of ecological factors. Two methods of its solution were used in the work: limitation (by Ramensky) and Gaussian (by the authors). Computation of the object parameters, soil nutrient content and humidity was done in accordance with the materials of two classifiers of meadow vegetation of Belarus for association and formation lists used in the IMS (information modeling system) "Biogeocenotic variety of Belarus". Statistical analysis of the results obtained for two object rows and their comparison by different methods: by rows correlation coefficient as well as by criterion of distribution parameters comparison -average values -- by Student and standard deviation -- by Fishery were carried out. The revealed distinction of results obtained by different methods is considered to be particular, without the character of systematic dislocation, caused by the features of a specific row and do not enable to give preference to one of these methods in this case. However, this method allows to receive for the object two statistical parameters: average arithmetical value and standard deviation (by Ramensky -- estimation of arithmetical value only), it has more strict statistical ground and logical continuation in the authors' method of ecological ordination reverse task solution.
Резюме: Сравниваются результаты решения прямой задачи экологической ординации фитоценозов двумя методами: ограничений (по Л. Г. Раменскому) и гауссовой ординации (разработанной авторами). Статистически подтверждена хорошая сходимость результатов, полученных разными методами с использованием обширных материалов исследований луговой растительности Беларуси. Отмечены некоторые преимущества предложенного авторами метода.
Lis L.S.
Methodical Approaches to the Complex Assessment of the Territorial Resources Ecological Stale. pp. 124--132
Summary: On the basis of presentation of the territorial complexes structure as interacting and independent components -- natural-ecological potential and economy influence -- complex quantitative point marks for the evaluation of ecological state have been proposed. They unite numerous and varied characteristics of these components and processes running in space into the united measurement system. As basic ones, indices, expressing parts of territories with conditionally non-damaged natural potential or contaminated zones in the total area of the evaluated territory are used. The enlistment of natural formations creating on the territory a skeleton of nature-ecological potential has been carried out and the approaches are provided on the basis of which it is possible to determine the level of their being damaged. Common principles have been regarded allowing to assess impact areas for various types of household activity. Unification of multiple indices of various origin of a composition should be done through the territorial characteristics of the area. The point-mark system for obtaining practical results was shown to be used as an essential one.
Резюме: Предложены комплексные количественные показатели для оценки экологического состояния территории. В качестве основных использованы индексы, выражающие доли площадей с условно-ненарушенным природным потенциалом и загрязненных зон в общей площади оцениваемой территории. Раскрыты методические подходы к выявлению всех составляющих этих индексов и приведены необходимые расчетные формулы для их определения. Обосновано введение в систему оценки количественных показателей структурной организации территории: коэффициента раздробленности и меры экологической сопряженности. Показано, что для получения практических результатов необходимо использовать балльную систему оценок.
Levitsky I.A., Minenkova G.Ya., Biryuk V.A., Pavlyukevich Yu.G.
On Some Possibilities of Expansion of the Range of Use ot Low Melting Clays of the Republic of Belarus in the Ceramic Production. pp. 132--137
Summary: The object of investigation is local polymineral clay and materials on its basis. The purpose of the work is to determine physical and chemical regularities and ways of directed regulation of ceramic masses sintering on the basis of polymineral clays of Belarus and develop recommendations for their application in the composition of masses for the production of ceramic items for different purpose. Complex investigation has been conducted and classification of polymineral clays of the Republic of Belarus. The ways of intercoupling a structure, phase composition and characteristics of synthesized ceramic material with the initial chemical and mineralogycat composition of clays has been revealled. The influence of temperature and space factors on the change of structure and characteristics of the ceramic material was established, as well as the ways of ceramic masses sintering intensity on the basis of polymineral clays by entering the different additives (including waste of the production) had been developed. The obtained results can be a basis for the choice of the most rational types of clays by its chemical and mineralogycal composition, main technological modes when developing and adjusting compositions of masses for ceramic products for different purposes based on local raw materials.
Резюме: Проведены комплексное исследование и классификация полиминеральных глин Республики Беларусь, выявлена взаимосвязь структуры, фазового состава и свойств синтезированных керамических материалов с исходным химико-минералогическим составом глин, разработаны способы интенсификации спекания керамических масс на основе местных глин путем введения различных добавок (включая отходы производства). Полученные результаты могут служить основой при выборе наиболее рациональных типов глинистого сырья по его химико-минералогическому составу при проектировании и корректировке составов масс для керамических изделий различного назначения.
Tereshchenko I.M., Vecher V.A., Punko G.N., Bessonova A.V., Solokha G.I.
Carbonate Tripolis of Belarus as a Promising Raw-Material for the Production ot Building Materials. pp. 137--142
Summary: A research into the possibility of obtaining heat-insulated fired products from carbonate tripolis from the Stalnoye (Republic of Belarus) deposit has been conducted in this paper. It has been shown that the preferable way is the semi-dry formation of products which provides less shrinkage while securing higher porosity of a product. The research has confirmed, that during the process of firing of large products at the temperature of 700...850°C they are cracking due to significant volume changes. However, this phenomenon was eliminated after including into the initial compound 15 ...20% of clay from the Gorodok (Republic of Belarus) deposit. As a result, the fired products with the following characteristics have been produced: coefficient of thermal-conductivity -- 0.35...0.38, mechanical strength (compression -- 7...9 mPa), density -- 1.10...1.14 g/sm3. Thus, it can be stated that Belarusian carbonate tripolis can serve as a raw material for obtaining fired products with higher thermal-conductivity.
Резюме: Проведено комплексное исследование карбонатных трепелов с целью изучения возможности их использования в качестве керамического сырья. Показана возможность получения на их основе обжиговых изделий с повышенными теплозащитными свойствами.
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