A method for regulation of radionuclides content in the growing trees occurring on contaminated areas has been developed and patented.
A genetical and population analysis of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies natural populations from different forest seed regions of Belarus was carried out and enabled to estimate the state of these species genetic resources in the investigated territory. An analysis of the rate of gene mutations induced by radionuclides in Pinus sylvestris hereditary material was performed. The results allowed to estimate the level of induced mutagenesis in territories of Belarus with different radioactive contamination densities.
It was determined that by the age of 30 in artificial pine phytocenoses of low initial densities (1 to 2 thousand trees per hectare) a 20--40% diameter-growth increase is evident as compared with stands of close spacing. Under the conditions of growing in mossy forests they have more than 200 trees of 24 to 28 cm in diameter per hectare. To exploitable age the self-pruning enables to obtain industrial wood-assortment of the 1--2 class in the stands of low densities that is of great importance for improvement of forest growing technology.
The optimum parameters of the laboratory techniques for pine moth rearing were determined.
Some valuable data were obtained on possibility to create a non-diapausing culture which could annually produce no less than three generations. The periodic initiation of nun moth diapause on the stage of egg increases vitality of the culture and does not rule out a possibility of further non-diapausing rearing of some other generations. It is also revealed that Telenomus tetratomus natural populations are suitable for biological indication of the state of pine biocenoses, timely revealing of critical situations which could cause outbreaks of needle-gnawing pests propagation.
A positive relation between productivity, vegetation period and formation of ultrastructure characters of chloroplasts was revealed in studying the energy cell organelles. The high yielding mid-ripening genotypes are shown to have higher values of membrane system characters at early stages of plant development, while late-ripening forms are characterized by an active state of the membrane system of energy organelles at all developmental stages.
A library of low and single-copy sequences of rye DNA was created and partially defined, and the probes which were recommended as molecular markers for cereals genome identification were extracted. Two such probes were localized in rye chromosomes and used in mapping of dwarf gene ctI. The created marker collection makes it possible to increase the resolution of genetic map of rye, wheat and barley that will favour its more effective utilization in breeding and genetic engineering research. Some probes were transferred and are successfully used in research institutions of Germany for localization of agronomically important genes in these crops.
A hybrid strain suppressing growth of phytopathogenic fungi of Phusarium gene was produced by hybridizing Azotobacter with Pseudomonas. The field experiments show that the strain produced prevents root rot injury of cucumber plants twice as much as the original strain. Treatment of spring triticale seeds by the hybrid strain increases crop yield by 6.2 c/ha.
There were obtained data on the cytoplasm effect on variation of the chiasma frequency in isoplasmic barley lines that opens prospects for controlling the yield frequency of agronomically valuable recombinants of agricultural plants.
Antimutagens (dilndin, glutapyron and other derivatives of 1.4-dihydroisonicotinic acid) were revealed to stimulate repair systems of drosophila females (the so-called maternal repair) under their action. This results in reducing chromosome breakage frequency in their progeny whose fathers were exposed to the influence of a chemical mutagen ethylmethanesulfonate.
The capacity of bifidobacteria Bifidobacterium adolescentis 91-BIM to secrete a complex of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes comprising proteases, RNAases, DNAases, and glucanases able to hydrolyze a(1-4), a(1-6), b(1-4), b(1-6) bounds in various oligo- and polysaccharides.
The polymorphism was established for esterase complexes of esterolytic enzymes encompassing from 3 to 10 molecular forms with different substrate specificity. The fungal acetylcholin esterases were found to be distinguished by low sensitivity to phosphororganic and carbamate inhibitors.
The unique capacity of strain Rhodococcus rhodohrous GM-14 to decompose a broad spectrum of toxic aromatic compounds was originally demonstrated. The membrane bound enzyme system of monooxygenase tyre was shown to be responsible for hydroxylation of aromatic ring.
Theoretical principles have been formulated to develop composite preparations for biological control of plant pathologies based on actinomycetes antagonistic towards phytopathogens representing diverse taxonomic groups.
It was originally demonstrated that microbial culture Rhodococcus ruber 2B introduced into soil contaminated with dibutylterephthalate (DBTR) and diethylterephtalate (DETP) up to 0.1% and 1%, respectively, ensured their metabolic transformations via formation of the derived monoesters terephthalic and benzoic acids. Metabolites were not detected in soil by the moment of complete diester degradation. The method has been devised to promote soil autorecovery from DBTR and DETP contamination using microbial preparations based on R.ruber 2B biomass and peat.
The genetic construction containing psaD and psbO genes in sense and antisense orientations under the control of 35S CaMV promoter were created. Tobacco leaves were transformed with these constructions and transgenic plants were obtained.
The morphological changes between control and transgenic plants were observed.
It was shown the considerable genotypical distinctions among winter triticale forms different on morphotype of rates and maximum level of pigment accumulation at the moment of a primary leaf appearance from coleoptile. Some functional and correlative relations at the phenotype level have been detected in a crop-rinening period between chlorophyll content (in leaf, plant and sown area) and final grain crop. The data received are useful for further breeding of triticale forms.
A new type of photoconformational rearrangements of hemoproteins has been discovered being observed as slow (minutes) reversible shifts of absorbance spectra of cytochrome oxidase under illumination by visible light and as a three-fold decrease in affinity to inhibitors for this enzyme which is of a key importance in bioenergetics.
It is shown that structure state of the plasma membrane determines not only the resistance of erythrocytes to sensitized photohemolysis but the mechanism of cell photodamage. The parameters of sensitized photohemolysis can appear the sensitive test of structure transformation of erythrocyte membrane.
To make use cells of rat pheochromocytoma PC 12 it was shown that variation of frequency and amplitude of equilibrium large-scale motions of membrane protein structure is one of the early events initiated by growth factor action.
By means of monitoring estimates of the trends in radioactive contamination of the fauna and its conditions in the zone of the Chernobyl nuclear accident, the confirmation of the trend of declining the rates of decrease in the level of radioactive contamination of animals in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, the rearrangement of the ecological structure of the populations and faunistic complexes, and increase in the tensions of the parasitological situation, the fundamentals have been formulated for the concept of using the alienation and evacuation zone as a reserve for conservation and investigation of the biological diversity of animals.
On the basis of studies of the structure of ichthyocenoses in the unique system of the lakes in the Perebrody group, which consists of the water-bodies of different trophic status and the reproduction ecology and biological productivity parameters of the background commercial fish species, general relations have been established for successions of the ichthyocenoses in the lakes in the Belarusian Poozerie which make it possible to develop measures for optimization of the structure and fish population number in water-bodies of the Republic.
Studies were carried out to investigate the formation of gonads and sex differentiation, early gonado- and gametogenesis in the eel, a valuable commercial fish species, in connection with peculiarities of its biology and life-cycle. The studies have revealed size- and sex-related time ranges of individual stages of gonado- and gametogenesis. For the first time the early gametogenesis was divided into periods which is very important for initial understanding of sex determination in fish with a complex life-cycle. The results obtained may be practically important for developing the methods for directed formation of sex structure of the fish populations (creation of unisexual populations) in order to increase their productivity.
By comparative analysis of different qualities of the growth and reproduction of hydrobionts with different reproduction forms it has been revealed that changes of the reproduction forms are of key importance in the strategy of reproduction and population mechanisms of adaptation to environmental changes. It is also found that heterogeneity of a generation is an event of general biological importance, and this property is primarily developed for ecological stability of the population and conservation of the species. The heterogeneity results in substantial diversity of biological characteristics and functions important for maintaining the population homeostasis and its dynamic stability.
On the basis of the studies carried out to investigate spatial structurization of large taxons of aquatic invertebrates, methods of animal biodiversity estimation in water-bodies have been suggested, and a method for determination of potential fish productivity from zoocenotic criteria has been proposed and tested in some lakes of Belarus.
The endogenic proteinase in the pure state and its protein inhibitor were produced for the first time from lupine seeds. On the basis of the data on molecular weight, amine acid composition, substrate specificity, reaction, antienzyme spectrum and others it was drawn the conclusion on participation of proteinase-inhibitor system in controlling plant protein metabolism.
A conceptual model of the origin of such a high-specialized ecological cluster of moss as epiphytes was constructed, and the mechanism of ecological inversion of Musci was substantiated.
A prodrome variant of grassland vegetation in Belarus was developed and on its basis were worked out economic typological scheme as well as measures in optimization, rational utilization and preservation of concrete meadow classes.
Investigations of the radiocaesium cycle in the system "soil -- plant -- soil of natural vegetable complexes" have shown that the period of semipurification of soil biogenic part of this isotope decreases almost twice from automorphous to hydromorphous soils in comparison with natural half-life of 137Cs under the influence of vegetation and meteofactors.
By long-term investigations of the production process characteristic properties in cenoses of spring barley in a complex of morphophysiological parameters it have been revealed that the phase of 5-leaves on the plant leading shoot (phase of full tillering), in which most parameters studied have high significant correlations with ultimate cenosis productivity, is the most informative for predicting the yield. The possibility of controlling shoot formation process in cereals shrub was substantiated and covered by 3 patents. A treatment of spring barley plants by the proposed method makes it possible to increase substantially plant productivity especially under the conditions of moisture deficiency in the tillering phase.
The phenomenon of physiological synergism between brassinosteroids and mineral fertilizers in developing protective properties of barley directed at increasing its resistance and productivity was detected. This opens a new prospects for working out ecologically safe methods for plant protection. The structural and functional heterogeneity of rye mesophillous cell nuclei being contiguous with rust fungi was revealed that resulted in uneven staining of chromatin sites, in their different compaction, excess in ratio of nucleus/protoplasma area as compared to the control, and in nucleolus absence in small nuclei.
On the basis of physiological and biochemical tests methods of phytocontrol of state of coniferous phytocenosis at the zones of toxic emissions of industrial enterprises were worked out that makes it possible to registrate disturbance of metabolism and stability reduction of coniferous phytocenosis in technogenic surrounding. It is advisable to use the exposed tests while making prognosis of technogenic factors for a distant perspective.
The estimation of chemical elements fixing and limits of their fluctuations in the forest phytosystems of Belarus' polluted territories was given, that permits to determine the degree of parameters removal of biochemical rotation by different levels of technogenic loadings, thresholding doses of chemical elements accumulation and biogeocenosis reciprocal reactions at extreme conditions of growing.
Source: "Main Results of Fundamental Research.1994". Eds. A.M.Goncharenko and N.N.Kostyukovich. Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 1995
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