The chitinase content in different parts of some dendrophylophage species was studied for the first time. An extremely high chitinolytic activity and chitinase stability in the forest dendrophylophages were revealed. A cool dehumidification pattern of partially purified chitinase taking the activity about 200 IU/g was obtained. A semichemical method for entomonitoring of Telenomus tetratomus was elaborated. A few stable forest phylophage cultures were created, including ones of Porthetria dispar that are contained on artificial media. A method allowing to overcome the latent diapause in Dendrolimus pini larvae and to carry out the whole year round cultivation of Telenomus tetratomus was also proposed.
It is ascertained that industrial and motor transport pollution influence forest ecosystems at the distance of 15 -- 20 km from the source of pollution. As a result, the lifetime of pine needle decreases, and its ability to be injured being hardly increased. It is also determined that radioprotectors of biomos group are able to regulate deposition of radionuclides in wood plants.
The optimal conditions of illumination during complex oak young stands formation are determined and the technology of oak culture formation and mixing scheme are worked out. The new technologies can be applied for reforestation of oak stands of Belarus.
Methods of isozyme analysis for conifer species have been worked out. By the methods the species gene pools were studied. Usage of the molecular and genetic methods in forest breeding became possible. By means of the above methods degree of populational diversity, value of interpopulational gene pool, degree of intraspecies differentiation were determined, and genetic maps for some species were constructed.
A highly effective method for genetic transformation of rape, a new crop for Belarus, has been worked out. The method is based on co-cultivation of two-week hypocotyls with agrobacteria cells followed by growing and selecting transformants on specially chosen media. It can be used for genetic engineering research and production of transgenic rape plants with agronomic characters.
42-chromosome wheat plants from the progeny of various Opal monosomics were investigated. An unequal variability and correlations between productivity characters in disomic lines depending on an initial monosomic were revealed. A group of lines with high values of spike and plant productivity which can be used as a prospective initial material was selected.
It was shown that owing to a high frequency of homeologous chromosome conjugation the unbalance of tetraploid triticale karyotypes in individual homeologous groups didn't reduce the level of their viability and fertility. This indicates the capability of genotypes of these form for normal functioning under unstable chromosome structure.
The study on dynamics of mutation process in somatic cells of bank vole inhabiting radiocontaminated regions over 16--18 generations has shown an increased level (by 2--3 times) of cytogenetic damages (chromosome aberrations and genome mutations). This is evidence of high sensitivity of hereditary apparatus of animal somatic cells of subsequent generations to radiocontamination, because its total absorbed dose in 1991 was greatly reduced. It was revealed that 90Sr made major contribution to an increased aberration frequency of chromosomes in bone marrow cells.
It was revealed that synthetic antioxidant anphen decreases the level of mutation load accumulated in drosophila populations as a result of long-term (over 18 generations) irradiation and chronic influence of pesticides ridomil and zenkor in doses used in agriculture resulted in an increase of mutation level and reduction of population fitness.
It was originally established that the ability to synthesize esterolytic enzymes is a widely distributed micromycete characteristic of taxonomic significance. The fungal esterases appeared to be represented by multiple forms, and an evidence of inducible esterase formation and involvement of catabolite repression in biosynthetic control was obtained. The possibility of applying esterase enzymes for production of optically active ester isomers, degradation of aromatic fatty acid esters, and as biosensors to detect phosphororganic compounds in the environment was demonstrated.
Principles of directed transformation of nucleic acid components were elaborated. The processes for producing enzyme preparations effectively performing hydrolysis of DNA and RNA to corresponding nucleosides, transglycosylation of nitrogen bases, phosphorylation of nucleosides and nucleotides have been developed. The biotechnologies of valuable bioactive nucleosides and nucleotides with high antiviral activity were worked out.
The mycelial fungi were found to produce labile and firmly bound phenolic compounds identified as flavon and flavonol aglycons, flavon oxyderivatives, phenolcarboxylic acids. The afore-mentioned aromatics posses high P-vitamin and antioxidant potential which may lay the basis for formulating preparations with immunomodulating and radioprotecting properties.
The unique capacity of basidiomycete enzyme systems for preferential catalytic oxidation of dihomolinolenic acid to yield prostoglandins of series 1 with prevalence of tromboxan B1 was disclosed. Such transformations can be used in biotechnologies of physiologically active eicosanoides forming active principle of novel veterinary and medical drugs.
The phytochrome-induced oscillations of Ca2+ cytoplasmic concentration in oat protoplasts were found.
The heterosis effect in triticale unlike that in wheat is revealed already on early ontogenesis stages by the increase in the total chlorophyll and the content of reaction centers of photosystem PS1 without any significant change in their photochemical activity.
It is found out that the hyperosmotic shrinkage and hypoosmotic swelling of the inner mitochondria membrane decrease considerably the earlier observed effect of the photochemical deblockage of the respiratory chain cytochrome oxidase inhibited with cyanide. This indicates the control of a local photochemical reaction by osmotic potential via the lipoprotein matrix.
The relationship was shown between the formation of the lipids peroxidation products in the regions of annular lipids and the development of the gastroduodenal diseases such as a gastritis, a gastric ulcer, a duodenitis, a cancer of a gastric.
The influence of landscape mosaicism, human-induced fragmentation and ecotone types on the conditions of biogeocenotically important animal groups (mammals, avians, reptiles, amphibians, insects, soil invertebrates, parasitic organisms) was studied. The species diversity and density of most of the faunistic groups were found to increase in different types of ecotone areas. The effect of human-induced fragmentation of dissimilar landscapes was shown not to be unique.
Some new results were obtained which characterize the trends in the rearrangement of the taxonomic structure of zooplankton communities, their response to changes in the trophic conditions and variability of the duration of particular ontogenetic stages of the shrimps and mollusca from reservoirs of different types which fact is important when aquatic invertebrates are the object of ecological monitoring.
The main trends in the dynamics of ichthyocenoses in the lakes of the Belarusian Poozerie were followed, with Perebrodie group as an example. The trend of replacing valuable commercial species by low-value ones with a simultaneous reduction of their number as a result of lake eutrophication and single-type catching was observed. The recommendations were developed for conservation and wise management of the fish stock in Belarusian Poozerie.
The results of studies carried out for six years to investigate the effect of Chernobyl nuclear accident on the faunistic complexes in the evacuation and alienation zone were generalized. It is shown that elimination of the human pressure on the biogeocenoses is a key factor in the formation of zoocomplexes. A high degree of interspecies and individual variability in the mode of radionuclide accumulation was found. It is concluded that large-scale artificial control of the abundance of game animals in the Polessky Radio-Ecological Reserve is unreasonable.
The regularities of forming and the regional peculiarities of anthropogenous changes in flora of Belarus with underlying its sinanthropy have been determined.
The principles and methods of the technological pollution estimates of forest ecosystems based on the analysis of extensive experimental data and integral parameters -- the indices of biogenous absorption of toxicants -- have been developed. A map of pollutant accumulation in the natural vegetable life complexes of Belarus has been made.
The biochemical structure of deoxyribonucleoproteid (DNP) complexes of the cell nuclei, specialized plastids and callus tissues as an important step in understanding the nature of differentiation and organogenesis in higher plants, determining the direction of metabolism to synthesizing spare substances which form the base yield of agricultural plants has been clarified. For the first time a nuclear matrix as an element of a single nuclear DNP complex has been studied. The participation of certain classes of lipids in the structure and the control of plant choromatine activity has been determined, and the influence of stress factors on morphogenesis initiation in the culture of pulse tissue has been also found out.
The phenomenon of relationship between chloroplasts and mitochondria has been studied. It was found out that a mitochondrion has two effectors, one of which has specific relations with an electron-transport chain (chloroplast ETC) and the other one -- with the photophosphorylation system (PP). A cytoplasm contains a protector which removes the effect of mitochondrial effector on ETC. The mitochondrial effectors and the cytoplasm protectors are of protein nature. The protein regulator effect on ETC is realised through increasing nonradiating dissipation of exitation energy, and its effects on PP -- by reducing the proton gradient in thylacoid chloroplasts. The data obtained provide a basis for understanding the fundamental principles of intercell processes integration in general and the energy change, in particular.
As a result of the survey of physiological characteristics in propagation and growth of isolated red-leaved begonia cells in vitro the strains with hyperproduction of biologically active substances were obtained and their biotechnology which allows one to receipt a new type of plant origin medicinal raw material by industrial way was developed.
On the basis of morphogenetic processes study in different types of explants in highbush blueberry and mountain berry cultivars three original methods of their cultivation in vitro were devised. The results obtained make a definite contribution to the knowledge of experimental plant morphogenesis processes and presents the base of the development for effective methods in clonal micropropagation of valuable introduced plants.
As a result of ecological and physiological investigations of plant life activity under technogenesis impact the conformity of phosphorus metabolism changes in woody plants in connection with chemotolerance have been stated. It is indicated that a high plant chemotolerance in technogenesis areas polluted by gaseous nitrogen compounds is closely associated with biopolymer biosynthesis activity, namely the phospholipids and nucleic acids. At the same time a low chemotolerance is connected with the reduction of accumulation level and the disturbance of pools in total phosphorus, acid-soluble and acid-nonsoluble fractions of phosphorus compounds and orthophosphate.
Source: "Main Results of Fundamental Research.1992--1993". Eds. A.M.Goncharenko and N.N.Kostyukovich. Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, 1994
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